DPT Human Anatomy Exam 1

Regional Anatomy

method of studying the body's structure by focusing attention on a specific part and examining the arrangement and relationships of the various systemic structures within it.

Surface Anatomy

provides knowledge of what lies under the skin and what structures are perceptible to touch in the living body at rest and in action

System Anatomy

the study of the body's organ systems that work together to carry out complex functions

Body Systems (11)

integumentary (protective physical barrier), skeletal (bones), articular (joints), muscular, nervous, circulatory (heart and blood), alimentary (digestive tract), respiratory, urinary, genital, and endocrine (hormone)

Clinical Anatomy

emphasizes aspects of bodily structure and function important in the practice of medicine, dentistry, and all the allied health sciences

Human Movement System

a physiological system that functions to produce motion of the body as a whole or of its component parts

Effector Systems

muscular, skeletal, nervous

Support Systems

cardiovascular, endocrine, pulmonary, integumentary

Anatomical Planes and Sections

median, saggital, coronal, transverse, oblique

median

divides the body into right and left halves through the midline

saggital

divided the body into right and left parts by passing through parallel to the median plane

coronal

divides the body into anterior and posterior parts

transverse

divides the body into superior and inferior parts

oblique

slices of the body

superior/cranial

closer to the head

inferior/cadual

closer to the feet

posterior/dorsal

closer to the backside of the body

anterior/ventral

closer to the frontside of the body

medial

closer to the midline

lateral

away from the midline

dorsal foot

top of foot

plantar foot

bottom of foot

palmar hand

palm of hand

dorsal hand

back of hand

superficial

closer to the surface

intermediate

between a superficial and deep structure

deep

further from the surface

external

outside of or father from the center of an organ or cavity

internal

inside or closer to the center, independent of direction

proximal

closer to the point of origin or trunk

distal

further away from the point of origin or trunk

unilateral

Occurring only on one side

bilateral

occurring on both sides

ipsilateral

occurring on the same side

contralateral

occurring on the opposite side

anatomical variations

doesn't have any effect on normal function. they are often discovered during imaging, surgical procedures, autopsy's, or studies in individuals unaware of an adverse effect from the variation

conventional radiography

plain film studies or X-rays

radiodensity

dense to x-rays or radiation

when something is denser it tends to show up whiter

radiolucency

void areas in imaging that appear because of the tissue is less dense

when something is less dense it tends to show up darker

Computerized Tomography (CT)

uses x-rays in the construction of 2D/3D images

ultrasonography

allows for visualization of movement and blood flow in real time without the use of radiation

magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)

provides for greatest structural differentiation

Positron Emission Tomography (PET)

utilized to evaluate physiologic function on a dynamic basis

axial skeleton

consists of the bones of the cranium, hyoid bone, cervical vertebrae, ribs, sternum, and sacrum

appendicular skeleton

consists of the bones of the limbs, including the scapula, clavicle, and pelvic girdles

cartilage

a resilient, semi rigid form of connective tissue that forms parts of the skeleton where more flexibility is required

avascular

articular cartilage (hyaline)

covers ends of bones

articular surfaces

capped in articular cartilage, which provides smooth, low-friction, gliding surfaces for free movement

bone

living tissue

hard form of connective tissue

skeletal system functions

provides support, protection, mechanical basis for movement, storage (Ca2+), and continuous supply of new blood cells

skeletal system components

compact bone, spongy bone, medullary cavity, periosteum, perichondrium

compact bone

dense bone in which the bony matrix is solidly filled with organic substances leaving only tiny spaces that contain osteocytes or bone cells

spongy bone

spongy, porous bone tissue composed of hard and soft tissue components

medullary cavity

the hollow part of bone that contains bone marrow

periosteum

a fibrous connective tissue covering that surrounds each skeletal element like a sleeve

serves as an attachment for tendons and muscles

perichondrium

dense irregular connective tissue membrane covering the cartilage

long bones

tubular

short bones

cuboidal

flat bones

serve protective functions

irregular bones

have various shapes

sesamoid bones

develop in certain tendons

condyle

rounded, knuckle-like articular area, often occurring in pairs

crest

ridge of bone

epicondyle

eminence superior or adjacent to a condyle

facet

smooth flat area, usually covered with cartilage, where a bone articulates with another bone

foramen

passage through a bone

fossa

hollow or depressed area

linea

linear elevation, sometimes called a ridge

malleolus

rounded process

notch

indentation at the edge of a bone

process

an extension or projection serving a particular purpose having a characteristic shape, or extending in a particular direction

protuberance

a bulge or projection of the bone

spine

thorn-like process

trochanter

large blunt elevation

tubercle

small raised eminence

tuberosity

large rounded elevation

mesenchyme

Embryonic connective tissue from which all tissues develop

intermembranous ossification

mesenchymal models of bones form during the embryonic period, and direct ossification of the mesenchyme begins in the fetal period

enter chondral ossification

cartilage models of bones form from the mesenchyme during the fetal period and bone subsequently replaces most of the cartilage

primary ossification center

the first area of a bone to start ossifying

diaphysis

the shaft of a bone ossified from the ossification center

secondary ossification center

an area of ossification that appears after the primary (usually epiphyses)

epiphyses

the parts of the bone ossified from the secondary center of ossification (end of long bone)

epiphyseal plate

growth plates that intervene between the diaphysis and epiphyses

epiphyseal line

the seam formed during the fusion process (synostosis) is particularly dense and is recognizable in section bone of radiographs

metaphysis

Flared part of the diaphysis nearest to the epiphysis

vasculature

arteries and veins

arteries

carry blood away from the heart

nutrient arteries arise as independent branches outside the periosteum

there is more than 1 per bone

many small branches of periosteal arteries of the periosteum

veins

accompany arteries through nutrient foramina

large veins leave through foramine near the articular ends of bones

periosteal nerves

periosteum is rich with sensory nerves that carry pain fibers

vasomotor nerves

cause constriction or dilation of blood vessels regulating blood flow through marrow

joints

fibrous, cartilaginous, synovial

fibrous

joints unified by fibrous tissue

movement depends on the length of fibers connecting the articulating bone

suture, gomphosis, syndesmosis

suture

fibrous joints of the cranium that hold bony plates together

gomphosis

peg and socket type joint with little movement

syndesmosis

unites the bones with a sheet of fibrous tissue, either a ligament or fibrous membrane

cartilaginous

united by hyaline cartilage or fibrocartilage

synchondroses

symphysis

synchondroses

primary cartilaginous

bones are united by hyaline cartilage, which permits slight bending in early life

symphysis

secondary cartilaginous

strong, slightly movable joints united by fibrocartilage

synovial

most common type of joint and provide free movement between the bones they join

usually reinforced by accessory ligaments that are either extrinsic or are a thickening of a joint capsule