chapters 1 and 2

What is the hallmark of scientific research?

Evidence to support a claim

Scientific knowledge must be:

Empirical and based on observable evidence

What term describes examining your own conscious experience as objectively as possible?

Introspection

Wilhelm Wundt is best known for:

Establishing the first psychology lab and studying consciousness

Who was the first woman to earn a PhD in psychology?

Margaret Floy Washburn

Which researcher is referred to as the "Father of Black Psychology"?

Francis Sumner

Which type of reasoning starts with real-world observations to build broad generalizations?

Inductive reasoning

In an experiment, the group that receives no manipulation is called:

Control group

The main goal of functionalism is to:

Study how mental activities help an organism fit into its environment

What is operational definition in research?

Description of how variables are measured or manipulated

A psychologist is studying how stress affects eating habits. They create a survey asking people to recall their eating behavior over the past month. What is a major weakness of this method?

Participants may lie or misremember

If a study finds that GPA decreases as the number of nights with less than 5 hours of sleep increases, what type of correlation is this?

Negative

A new phone app claims it can cure anxiety with sound therapy. What critical thinking question would be MOST important to ask first?

What is the scientific evidence behind the claim?

A researcher finds that people who eat more ice cream commit more crimes. What is the most likely explanation?

A confounding variable (like temperature) affects both

During an experiment, neither the participants nor the researchers know which group participants are assigned to. This is an example of:

Double-blind study

A psychologist observes children on a playground without interfering. What research method are they using?

Naturalistic observation

In Freud’s psychoanalytic theory, which part of the mind is responsible for hidden urges and desires?

Unconscious

What is one major drawback of longitudinal research?

It takes a long time and risks losing participants

A study tests if a new diet improves memory. Which is the experimental group?

People following the new diet

Which type of psychologist would be most interested in studying brain injuries and their effects on behavior?

Biopsychologist

How does deductive reasoning differ from inductive reasoning?

Deductive reasoning tests generalizations in the real world; inductive reasoning builds generalizations from observations.

Which best distinguishes a naturalistic observation from a clinical study?

Naturalistic observation occurs in real-world settings; clinical studies focus on individuals in depth.

Which research method is best for studying a rare individual case over a long period of time?

Case study

Structuralism and Functionalism differed primarily because:

Structuralism focused on breaking down mental processes; functionalism focused on how mental processes help us survive.

Behaviorism focuses on , while psychoanalysis focuses on .

Observable behavior; unconscious mind

What is a major way humanistic psychology differed from psychoanalysis and behaviorism?

It emphasized free will and personal growth.

Which is a key difference between longitudinal and cross-sectional research?

Longitudinal studies follow the same people over time; cross-sectional studies compare different groups at once.

Correlational research differs from experimental research because correlational research:

Can identify relationships but cannot prove causality.

An illusory correlation is different from a true correlation because:

Illusory correlations occur when people believe a relationship exists but it doesn’t.

In psychology, what is the difference between an operational definition and a theory?

An operational definition specifies exactly how variables are measured; a theory proposes an explanation for phenomena.

A researcher notices that people who eat fast food more often have higher rates of heart disease. What would be the best research design to determine if fast food causes heart disease?

Experimental research

If a participant behaves differently because they know they are being watched, this is an example of:

Participant reactivity

A survey is particularly good at collecting data because:

It gathers data from a large number of people quickly.

Why is a double-blind study considered superior to a single-blind study?

It prevents both researcher and participant biases.

In archival research, what is a major limitation compared to experimental research?

Lack of control over how the original data were collected

Who is considered the "Father of Experimental Psychology" and established the first psychology laboratory?

Wilhelm Wundt

Edward Titchener is best known for:

Founding structuralism based on Wundt’s ideas

William James is most associated with which school of thought?

Functionalism

Which psychologist introduced the theory of the unconscious mind and psychoanalysis?

Sigmund Freud

Margaret Floy Washburn is best remembered for:

Being the first woman to earn a PhD in psychology

Who opposed behaviorism and researched memory while becoming the first female APA president?

Mary Whiton Calkins

Francis Cecil Sumner is notable for:

Becoming the first African American to earn a psychology PhD

Inez Beverly Prosser’s research contributed to which important historical event?

Brown v. Board of Education Supreme Court case

Ivan Pavlov is best known for which concept?

Classical conditioning with dogs

John B. Watson believed psychology should focus only on:

Observable behavior

B.F. Skinner expanded behaviorism by studying:

Operant conditioning

Abraham Maslow is best associated with which concept?

The hierarchy of needs

Carl Rogers believed therapy should focus on:

Unconditional positive regard and empathy

Ulric Neisser is most associated with:

Founding cognitive psychology

Noam Chomsky’s critique of behaviorism helped start which movement?

The cognitive revolution

Naomi Weisstein critiqued early psychology for its:

Gender bias and lack of diversity

Mamie and Kenneth Clark are famous for:

Doll studies demonstrating racial bias in children

G. Stanley Hall was the first:

APA president

Martha Bernal is known for:

Being the first Latina woman to earn a psychology PhD

Mary Cover Jones is famous for:

Developing a method to uncondition fear responses in children

Behaviorism is primarily concerned with:

Observable behavior and how it’s learned

Which type of psychology emphasizes personal growth, free will, and self-actualization?

Humanistic psychology

Psychoanalysis focuses most heavily on:

The unconscious mind and early childhood experiences

Cognitive psychology emerged largely as a response to:

The limitations of behaviorism in explaining mental processes

Biopsychology focuses on the relationship between:

Biological processes and behavior

Evolutionary psychology studies:

How behaviors may have adapted for survival across generations

Multicultural psychology focuses primarily on:

Studying diverse groups within a single country

Cross-cultural psychology studies:

Comparisons between different national cultutes