MI unit 2 test

Vector

An agent that deliver therapeutic genetic material

Genome

total amount of DNA is each cell, all of the genes

SNP

when a mutation is present in at least 1% of the population, a type of point mutation, the most common type of genetic variation among people.

Gene therapy

the alteration of genes of a person afflicted with a genetic disease

Restriction enzyme

endonucleases that catalyze the cleavage of the phosphate bonds within both strands of DNA, only cut at very specific sequences, called recognition sites

Denaturation

hydrogen bonds between the DA strands are disrupted, results in the complete separation of the two DNA strands

Annealing

the two primers bind to their target complements

Extension

Taq polymerase proteins bind to each separated DNA strand and primer combo. Taq then adds the four free deoxynucleotides to a growing complementary strand

In vitro fertilization

a procedure in which gametes are fertilized in a dish in the laboratory, and the resulting zygote is implanted in the uterus for development

Cloning

processes that can be used to produce genetically identical copies of a biological entity

Genetic counselor

A professional who can offer advice and help them navigate their reproductive choices

Karyotype

Can diagnose chromosomal diseases

CVS

First trimester, takes a sample of cells from the placenta

Amniocentesis

Second trimester, takes a sample of fluid

Ultrasound

Identifies structural abnormalities, noninvasive screening

Single gene disorders

Can be detected with SNP analysis

Multifactorial disorders

Environmental and genetic factors

Chromosomal disorders

A disorder that has to do with the addition or deletion of a chromosome

Mitochondrial disorders

Passed mother to child

Dominant disorders

Expressed even when only one allele is present

Recessive disorders

Both alleles have to be present

Sex-linked disorders

Genes determined by the genes carried on the sex chromosomes

Taq polymerase

most commonly used DNA polymerase, is stable at near boiling temperatures, used in PCR

Primers

Identifies the start of a gene that needs to be copied

Lysis buffer

Used to burst cells

dNTPs

The nucleotides used in PCR, Taq adds them to a growing complementary strand

Zygote

A fertilized egg