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heliocentric model
A model of the solar system where the Sun is at the center and the planets revolve around it.
geocentric model
A model of the universe where Earth is the center and all celestial bodies revolve around it.
two factors that affect gravitational force
mass of the two objects and distance between them
massive objects will have ________ gravity between them
more gravity
models in science are useful because they
simplify complicated topics and allow us to study each part easily.
benefits of a model
something the model does well or properly
limits of a model
something the model does not do well, or properly. Or a way it could be improved.
gas giants
Large planets composed mostly of hydrogen and helium gases.
Located farther away from the sun
No solid surface
Have thick atmospheres
Examples include Jupiter and Saturn.
timeline for the formation of the solar system
Starts with a nebula
Nebula collapses, forming a spinning disk.
Sun starts nuclear fusion at the center of the disk.
Planetesimals begin to form
Planetesimals grow into large planets
role of gravity in the formation of the solar system
gravity pulls the nebula together, forms the sun, forms planetesimals and planets. It makes objects round and keeps them in orbit.
squared term in the universal gravitation equation
distance (or r)
Kepler’s 1st law
objects orbit in an ellipse, with two foci in the middle, and the sun at one of the foci.
kepler’s 2nd law
equal area in equal time
an orbiting planet speeds up as it gets closer to the sun
It is fastest when it’s the closest
And slowest when it is the farthest
orbital speed is NOT ___________.
constant
Kepler’s 3rd law
the farther away a planet is from the sun, the longer it takes to orbit.
aka orbit time is proportional to orbit distance
relationship between gravity and atmosphere
more gravity = thicker atmosphere
relationship between atmosphere and temperature
thicker atmosphere = higher temperatures
relationship between atmosphere and meteor strikes
a thick atmosphere can burn up small meteors, resulting in less meteor strikes.
the hottest planet
is venus, because of it’s extremely thick atmosphere.
Venus is not the closest planet to the sun, but it’s the hottest.
reason for objects in space being round
gravity
two objects that do not have the mass to be round
asteroids and comets do not have the mass to produce the gravity required to be round
rocky planets
Smaller, solid planets with a rocky surface.
Located closer to the sun
Have a thin atmosphere and are made up of dense materials like rocks and metals.
Examples include Earth and Mars.
fastest orbital speed
is when a planet is closest to the sun
solar nebula
the giant cloud of gas and dust that solar systems are formed from
protostellar disk
the disk shape that a nebula collapses, or squeezes into as a protostar grows into an official star
protostar
a developing star, not yet hot enough to perform nuclear fusion
protoplanet
a developing planet in a young solar system
accretion disk
other term for protostellar disk
distance between two objects double
force gets 1/4
distance between two objects gets halved
force gets 4x
mass of an object doubles
force gets 2x
Note
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