US 11H New Nation/Early Presidents Exam Review

A set of flashcards covering key terms and concepts related to the New Nation and Early Presidents in U.S. history, designed to aid in exam preparation.

George Washington

The first president of the United States, known for setting important precedents for future leaders.

Precedents

Examples set by George Washington that established standards for future presidents.

Cabinet

A group of advisors to the president, created to assist in executive decisions.

Alexander Hamilton

The first Secretary of the Treasury, known for his financial policies and plans.

Hamilton’s Financial Plan

A proposal to stabilize the American economy involving federal assumption of state debts, creation of a national bank, and tariffs.

Strict Construction

A literal interpretation of the Constitution, limiting federal powers to those explicitly stated.

Loose Construction

A broad interpretation of the Constitution, allowing for implied powers of the federal government.

Neutrality Proclamation

Washington's declaration that the U.S. would not take sides in foreign conflicts.

Jay’s Treaty

An agreement between the U.S. and Britain aimed at resolving tensions and issues from the Revolutionary War.

Whiskey Rebellion

A violent tax protest in 1794 that demonstrated federal authority and the strength of the new government.

Federalists

A political party led by Hamilton that advocated for a strong central government and a loose interpretation of the Constitution.

Democratic Republicans

A political party founded by Jefferson that favored states' rights and strict construction of the Constitution.

XYZ Affair

A diplomatic incident between the U.S. and France that led to an undeclared war and heightened anti-French sentiment.

Alien and Sedition Acts

Laws passed in 1798 that restricted immigration and limited free speech, challenging constitutional principles.

Election of 1800

A significant political shift that resulted in the first peaceful transfer of power from Federalists to Democratic-Republicans.

Thomas Jefferson

The third president of the United States, known for the Louisiana Purchase and promoting agrarianism.

Louisiana Purchase

An 1803 land deal in which the U.S. acquired territory from France, doubling the nation's size.

Lewis and Clark

Explorers commissioned by Jefferson to map and explore the newly acquired Louisiana Territory.

Sacajawea

A Shoshone woman who assisted Lewis and Clark on their expedition as a guide and interpreter.

Barbary War

Early 19th-century conflict between the U.S. and North African states over piracy and tributes.

Impressment

The practice of forcing American sailors into the British navy, a major cause of the War of 1812.

Embargo

A government order that restricts commerce with specified countries; Jefferson's Embargo Act aimed to exert economic pressure.

War Hawks

Members of Congress who advocated for war against Britain leading to the War of 1812.

James Madison

The fourth president of the United States, known for leading the nation during the War of 1812.

Francis Scott Key

The author of 'The Star-Spangled Banner,' inspired by the defense of Fort McHenry during the War of 1812.

Battle of New Orleans

A decisive victory for the U.S. in the War of 1812 that occurred after the peace treaty was signed.

John Marshall

The Chief Justice of the Supreme Court who strengthened federal authority through landmark rulings.

Marbury v. Madison

The 1803 case that established judicial review, allowing the Court to invalidate unconstitutional laws.

Gibbons v. Ogden

The 1824 Supreme Court case that reinforced federal control over interstate commerce.

McCulloch v. Maryland

The 1819 Supreme Court case that confirmed the supremacy of the national government over state governments.

Worcester v. Georgia

The 1832 Supreme Court decision that defined tribal sovereignty and limited state laws over Native American lands.

James Monroe

The fifth president of the United States, associated with the Monroe Doctrine regarding foreign policy.

Monroe Doctrine

A key foreign policy statement asserting that the Americas should be free from future European colonization.