VEM 015: Respiratory System

Responsible for gaseous exchange

Respiratory system

Functions of the respiratory system

Airflow regulation Olfaction Water and heat exchange Phonation

Structures adjust airflow as needed

Airflow regulation

Detect smell

Olfaction

Helps regulate body temperature and moisture

Water and heat exchange

Enables sound production

Phonation

Releases heat and makes up for the lack of sweating

Panting

Upper respiratory tract

Nasal cavity Nostrils

Fixed bony case and cartilaginous framework

Nose

Nostril and philtrum

Nasal plane

Median cleft that separates the upper lip and nose into halves

Philtrum

Description of a dog's philtrum

Deep and extended

Hairless and nonglandular

Nose

Used as means of identification in dogs

Papillary ridges

Gives texture to the nose; thumbprint of the dog

Papillary ridges

Space in between the surface of the nose

Grooves

Divides the nasal passage into left and right

Septal cartilage

Portion of the septum where there is no cartilage

Membranous septum

Components of the lateral wall of the nose

Incisive bone; maxilla

Bone that composes the nasal roof

Nasal bone

Expansive nose cartilage

Dorsolateral nasal cartilage

Sigmoid shaped cartilage

Ventrolateral nasal cartilage

Convex leaf shaped cartilage

Accessory cartilage

Muscles that aid with the movement of the nose

Nasal part of the levator labii superioris Levator nasolabialis

Nasal turbinate with respiratory epithelium

Vomeronasal organ

Other name of the vomeronasal organ

Jacobson's organ

Sensory organ that detects pheromones

Vomeronasal organ

Chemical signals as a means to communicate in dogs

Pheromones

The narrow nare of brachycephalic breeds

Stenotic nares

Fold found in the nose of dogs; where air exits during exhalation

Alar fold

Filters and humidifies air that enters the nose

Nasal meatus

Junction where the nasopharynx, oropharynx, larynx, and laryngopharynx meet

Intrapharyngeal ostium

Prevents from food entering the lungs

Epiglottis

Connects pharynx to the trachea

Larynx

Prevents the aspiration of foreign materials

Larynx

Important in vocalization

Larynx

The voicebox

Larynx

Only cartilage that is paired

Arytenoid cartilage

Noise muscle

Adductor muscles

Close the vocal folds so air moving through them makes sound

Adductor muscles

Breathing muscles

Abductor muscles

True vocal cords

Vocal folds

Responsible for sound production

Vocal folds

Lateral depressions; allow vocal fold lateral movement

Laryngeal ventricle

Glottic cleft

Rima glottidis

Entrance to the trachea / wind pipe

Rima glottidis

Consists of a series of C-shaped hyaline cartilages connected by ligaments

Trachea

Cartilage found in the trachea

Tracheal rings

Connects the tracheal rings

Annular ligament

Prevents the trachea from collapsing

Tracheal rings

Muscle that closes the trachea

Trachealis muscle

Primary bronchi

Right and left principal bronchi

Secondary bronchi

Lobar bronchi

Supplies the lobes

Lobar bronchi

Tertiary bronchi

Segemental bronchi

Function of the bronchial tree

Respiratory passageway Site of gas exchange

Principal bronchi

Respiratory passageway

Lobar bronchi

Respiratory passageway

Segmental bronchi

Respiratory passageway

Subsegmental bronchi

Respiratory passageway

True and terminal bronchioli

Respiratory passageway

Respiratory bronchioli

Site of gaseous exchange

Alveolar duct

Site of gaseous exchange

Alveolar sacs

Site of gaseous exchange

Pulmonary alveoles

Site of gaseous exchange

Lobes of the left lung

Cranial Caudal

Lobes of the right lung

Cranial Middle Accessory Caudal

Lobe found in the medial part of the lungs

Accessory lobe

Bigger of the two lobes in the lungs

Right lung

Reason why the left lung is smaller than the right

Makes room for the heart

Lower respiratory tract

Larynx Trachea Lungs Diaphragm

Small, raised, and distinctly textured areas that give the dog's nose it's characteristic appearance

Beads

Crucial part of the olfactory system responsible for processing smells

Olfactory bulb

Structure located on the cribriform plate of the ethmoid bone that is connected to the olfactory tract

Olfactory bulb

External openings of the nose that allow air to enter and exit the nasal cavity

Nares

Leads to olfactory mucosa

Dorsal meatus

Leads to the paranasal sinuses

Middle meatus

Leads to the pharynx

Ventral meatus / common meatus

Thin, bony structures covered by mucous membranes that project from the lateral walls of the nasal cavity

Nasal conchae / turbinates

Forms the transition between the nasal cavity and the nasopharynx

Choana (internal nares)

The constricted space located at the caudal end of the oral cavity

Isthmus of fauces

Has processes; vocal, muscular, corniculate, cuneiform

Arytenoid cartilage

Most rostral; spade shaped

Epiglottic cartilage

Cricoid cartilage

Signet-ring shaped

Largest; taco-shaped

Thyroid cartilage

Adam's apple

Thyroid cartilage

Responsible for enabling the sounds of barking, whinning, and growling

Adductor muscles

Open the vocal folds to allow the air to flow down into the lungs

Abductor muscles

Innervations of the larynx

Vagus nerve Superior laryngeal nerve Recurrent laryngeal nerve

Connective tissue structure that is situated in between the thyroid cartilage and the hyoid bone

Thyrohyoid membrane

Centrally located within the thyrohyoid membrane; allows the movement of the larynx

Median thyrohyoid ligament

Paired structure located on the lateral sides of the thyrohyoid membrane; allows the movement of the larynx

Lateral thyrohyoid ligament

Horn-like projections found on the thyroid cartilage that projects upwards

Superior cornu

Horn-like projections found on the thyroid cartilage that projects downwards

Inferior cornu

Muscle that modules the pitch and tension of the vocal cords

Cricothyroid muscle

Muscle found in between the cricoid cartilage and the thyroid cartilage

Cricothyroid muscle

Elastic, conical membrane found between the cricoid cartilage and thyroid cartilage

Conus elasticus

Forms the lower part of the vocal ligament; supports the vocal cords

Conus elasticus

False vocal cords

Vestibular folds

Prevented foreign objects from entering the airway

Vestibular folds