Anatomy and Physiology Exam 1 content

• germ cells (Haploid)

• somatic cells (Diploid)

what are the two classifications of cells

• plasma membrane

• cytoplasm

• nucleus

What are the three basic structures that all animal cells contain

The phosphorus head

What part of the phospholipid makes it hydrophilic?

• integral or transmembrane proteins

  • ex. channel proteins

• peripheral proteins

  • ex. enzymes

What are the two types of membrane proteins?

creates a channel in the membrane for facilitated diffusion (passive transport) of solutes

what is the role of channel proteins?

lipids, specifically phospholipids

What is the most critical part of the cell membrane?

lubricates and protects the plasma membrane as well as cell recognition

what is the role of glycocalyx?

• integral proteins which join adjacent cells to create a tight seal between cells

• prevents the movement of fluid and molecules in between cells

What are tight junctions?

• link cells together like a zipper

• prevents cells from breaking apart

what are desmosomes?

the use of ATP (energy)

what is the difference between passive and active transport?

• diffusion

• facilitated diffusion

• osmosis

what are the three types of passive transport?

• distance

• molecule size

• temperature

• gradient size

• electrical forces

what are 5 factors that influence diffusion?

the movement of water across a membrane

what is osmosis?

• active transport

• vesicular transport

What are the two active transport processes?

when large molecules need to be moved from an area of low concentration to high conecentration

When is active transport used?

creates a concentration gradient for sodium to enter the cell

what is the role of the sodium potassium pump?

1. Na- is pushed into the extracellular space to increase the difference in concentration (requiring ATP)

2. sodium potassium pump is phosphorylated creating ADP, changing the shape of the pump

3. allows for K+ to enter the ICF

4. rebinds ATP to the pump

describe the processes of the sodium potassium pump

an ion gradient created from primary active transport (sodium potassium pump)

What does secondary active transport rely on to take place?

the movement of large substances across a cell membrane using vesicles (active transport)

what is vesicular transport?

• phagocytosis

• pinocytosis

• receptor mediated endocytosis

what are the three types of endocytosis?

Substances bind to specific receptor proteins which then get ingested into the vesicle

What is receptor mediated endocytosis?

the cell “gulps” ECF containing solute which is then brought into the cell (non-specific)

What is pinocytosis?

the cell engulfs a large particle using receptors which binds the cell around large micro-organisms

What is phagocytosis?

cytoplasm

the organelle found between the plasma membrane containing cytosol and organelles

cytosol (ICF)

contains dissolved ions, soluble and insoluble proteins and waste products

• microfilaments (actin)

• Intermediate filaments (keratin)

• microtubules (mechanism for changing shape)

what are the three components of the cytoskeleton?

Endoplasmic Reticulum

a network of canals and sacs made of cell membrane, extends from the nucleus throughout the cytosol to the plasma membrane

• lipid synthesis

• detox

• glycogen storage

• calcium ion storage

what are the 4 functions of the smooth ER

synthesized proteins are packaged for transport

what is the function of the rough ER

Ribosome

organelle in charge of protein synthesis

proteasomes

organelles that contain protein digesting enzymes to remove denatured proteins

Golgi Apparatus

organelle that modifies and packages substances, renews the plasma membrane and packages special enzymes within vesicles for use in the cytosol

Cell recognition

What is the glycocalyx’s primary function?

what is the afferent pathway

the pathway before the “control centre” in homeostatic feedback loops

what is the efferent pathway

the pathway after the “control centre” in homeostatic feedback loops

extrinsic regulation

regulation that occurs in the nervous and/or endocrine system.

autoregulation (intrinsic regulation)

when an internal structure reacts to the stimulus. a change in the cell, tissue or organ. happening within.

Negative feedback consists of the system “shutting off” whereas positive feedback systems consist of "overloading” the system.

explain the difference between positive and negative feedback mechanisms

• increased risk of disease

• complications with aging

• increased risk of destructive positive feedback loops

what are some of the issues associated with chronic homeostatic imbalance

Labour and Blood clotting

what are two examples of a positive feedback loop

dorsal cavity

consists of the vertebral cavity and the cranial cavity which protects the central nervous system.

ventral cavity

consists of the thoracic and abdominopelvic cavities which protects the viscera

vertebral cavity

the cavity within the vertebral column that houses the spinal cord.

cranial cavity

the cavity that houses the brain and is surrounded by the skull.

thoracic cavity

The part of the ventral cavity located above the diaphragm, containing the lungs and heart.

abdominopelvic cavity

the cavity located below the diaphragm that contains the digestive organs, urinary bladder, and reproductive organs.

visceral

referring to the serous membrane directly touching the organ(s)

parietal

reffering to the serous membrane lining the cavity

pleura

a serous membrane lining the thoracic cavity and covering the lungs.

pericardial

referring to the serous membrane around the heart

peritoneum

relating to the serous membrane around the digestive organs

perspiration and thermoregulation

what function does high heat vapourization provide for humans?

prevents accessive fluctuation in core body temperature to prevent things like frostbite.

what is the function of a high heat capacity in the human body

Carbohydrates (sugars)

which macromolecules are hydrophilic

Lipids (fats)

which Macromolecules are Hydrophobic

Diabetes Mellitus

What is the cause of Ketoacidosis

• bicarbonate buffer system

• respiratory compensation

• carbonic acid- bicarbonate

what are the three types of buffer systems

Acidosis

when the blood pH drops below 7.35

Alkalosis

when the blood pH rises above 7.45

7.35-7.45

What is the homeostatic range of blood pH

Monosaccharides

What is the monomer of a Carbohydrate?

Glucose, Fructose and Galactose

What are the three monosaccharides?

Sucrose, Lactose and Maltose

What are the three Disaccharides that we need to know?

Cellulose, Glycogen, and Starch

What are the three polysaccharides that we need to know?

The middle Monomer in cellulose is mirrored which makes it difficult for animals to digest.

What is the difference between Cellulose and Starch?

• Saturated fats contain only single bonds and are found in solid form at room temperature

• unsaturated fats contain double bonds and are liquid at room temperature

• Trans fats contain an extra Hydrogen (hydrogenated fats) to “fix” the structure of an unsaturated fat to remain solid at room temperature (ex. margarine)

What are the differences between a saturated, unsaturated and trans fats

• fatty acids

• eicosanoids

• glycerides

• phospholipids

• glycolipids

• steroids

what are the 6 classes of Lipids

Amino Acids

What are the monomers of Proteins?

Nucleotides

What are the monomers of Nucleic Acids?

an unsaturated fat has a bend at the double bond between carbons

What is the difference in structure between saturated and unsaturated fats?

a glycerol and three fatty acid groups

What are triglycerides formed from

Cholesterol

What is the most important steroid in the body

Peripheral protein

what type of membrane protein is bound to the inner or outer surface of the membrane and can be separated easily

it strengthens the membrane while providing flexibility

what is the role of cholesterol in the cell membrane?

to prevent passage of materials between cells

What is the primary function of a tight junction

Cardiac muscle

What tissue type are gap junctions important in?

counter transport

What is it called when carrier proteins transport two molecules in opposite direction

Intermediate filaments

what part of the cytoskeleton provides tensile strength?

to propel substances across the surface of the cell

what is the role of cilia

Sperm cell

What is the only type of human cell with flagellum?

Lysosomes

which organelle contains digestive enzymes?

peroxisomes

which organelle functions to “detoxify” the cell?

synthesize proteins to be embedded into the cell membrane or exported to other parts of the body

what is the role of ribosomes in the rough ER?

nucleolus

Which organelle is in charge of ribosome synthesis

1. chemical

2. cell

3. tissue

4. organ

5. organ system

6. organism

what are the organizations of the body from smallest to largest

Before Control Centre: afferent

• stimulus

• receptor

• input

After Control Centre: efferent

• output

• response

describe the 5 points on the “teeter totter” of homeostasis

• specialized to specific substrates

• saturation limits

what are the limitations on enzymes?

Fatty Acids

which type of lipid are the building blocks of all fat in the body and are made up of long hydrocarbon chains with a carboxylic acid group

Eicosanoids

which lipids are derived from arachidonic acids and are found in cell membranes

glycerides

which lipids are the result of a dehydration synthesis reaction between glycerol and fatty acids

steroids

which lipid is a large molecule with a 4 hydrocarbon ring skeleton. These lipids function in plasma membranes, sex hormones, tissue metabolism, mineral balance and bile salts

phospholipids

which lipids are formed from modified triglycerides with an added phosphorus head in place of a fatty acid chain. present in the cell membrane

glycolipids

which lipids have a structure of fatty acid chains, glycerol and a carbohydrate group

crenation

What is it called when a red blood cell is placed in a hypertonic solution causing contraction of the red blood cell?

Hemolysis

what is it called when a red blood cell is “ruptured” from being placed in a hypotonic solution?

Dehydration synthesis (synthesis meaning formation)

what is the process called in which the body creates large molecules from smaller ones. Ex. two monosaccharides form a disaccharide

hydrolysis (lysis meaning to break down)

what is the process called in which the body breaks down large molecules into smaller ones. Ex. breaking down polysaccharides into glucose through digestion

1. high heat capacity

2. high heat of vapourization

3. polar solvent

4. reactivity

5. lubrication

What are the 5 properties of water

Globular Proteins

proteins which are compact, soluble and found in the blood. Ex. antibodies, hormones and enzymes

fibrous proteins

tough, durable and insoluble proteins found in tertiary and quaternary structures. Ex. keratin, collagen