Anatomy and Physiology Unit 3 Vocab

Active transport vs passive transport

Active transport vs passive transport

Active transport moves molecules from lower to higher concentration with the use of energy.
Passive transport moves molecules from higher to lower concentration, no energy is required.

flagellum vs cilium vs microvilli

Cilia: found on some epithelial cells (lungs). They wave rhythmically to move dirt and mucus out.

Flagella: found on some bacteria and allows them to swim

Microvilli: found in the small intestine, to increase surface area for nutrient absorption

microtubules vs microfilaments

Microfilaments thicken the inner edge of a cell to resist tension (stretching)

Microtubules are in the interior of the cell and maintain cell shape by resisting compression.

allele vs chromosome

Chromosome: part of the nucleus and occurs in pairs
- Each gene on the chromosome has two alleles (such as T and t on a Punnett square), one on each chromosome of the pair

Fluid mosaic theory: peripheral and integral proteins

Fluid mosaic model of the cell membrane: integral proteins are inserted into the lipid bilayer, whereas peripheral proteins are bound on the outside of the membrane indirectly by protein-protein interactions.

interphase vs telophase

Interphase is the long life stage of the cell when it is not dividing (mitosis).

Telophase is the last step of mitosis, when the chromosomes reach the poles. Telophase is followed by cytokinesis, or the division of the cytoplasm into 2 daughter cells

Metaphase vs anaphase

Metaphase: the microtubules of the spindle have attached and the chromosomes have lined up

During anaphase, the sister chromatids are pulled apart and move toward opposite poles of the cell.

Helicase vs DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid)

Genes are made of DNA

Helicases are enzymes that unwind DNA whenever a single-stranded DNA is required (DNA replication, DNA repair/recombination, and transcription of RNA)

Mitochondria vs ribosomes

Ribosomes are small organelles and are the site of protein synthesis
Mitochondrial ribosomes perform protein synthesis inside mitochondria, the organelles responsible for energy conversion and ATP production in eukaryotic cells.

Autosomes vs somatic cells

Autosome: any chromosome not considered a sex chromosomes
They occur in pairs in somatic cells (non-sex cells) and singly in gametes (sex cells)

genotype vs phenotype

A person’s genotype is their unique sequence of DNA (the 2 alleles a person has inherited for a particular gene)

Phenotype is the detectable expression of this genotype — a patient’s clinical presentation.

mitotic spindle vs microtubules

The mitotic spindle is a structure composed of microtubules
- A microtubule is a rope-like component of the cytoskeleton occurring during mitosis.

Germ cells vs stem cells

Germ cell refers to the sex cells (eggs and sperm)
- Germ cells contain 23 individual chromosomes
Stem cells are cells with the potential to develop into many different types of cells in the body through mitosis and contain 23 pairs of chromosomes.

Cell cycle vs mitosis

Cell cycle refers to the entire life cycle of a cell
Mitosis refers to the part of a cell’s life where cell division occurs.

Golgi complex (apparatus) vs endoplasmic reticulum (ER)

The Golgi apparatus is a factory in which proteins received from the ER are processed and sorted for transport to their eventual destinations: lysomes, the plasma membrane, or secretion

Haploid vs diploid

Haploid cells are those that have only a single set of chromosomes while diploid cells have two sets of chromosomes

mRNA vs tRNA

mRNA makes a template (instructions) of the code for the protein from DNA

tRNA is a carrier molecule that transfers amino acids to the ribosome for protein synthesis

Nucleus vs nucleolus

The nucleus is an organelle in the cell bound by a nuclear envelope, whereas nucleolus is a sub-organelle present inside the nucleus that contains RNA and is not bounded by a membrane.

Cytoplasm vs organelles

All of the organelles in eukaryotic cells, such as the nucleus, endoplasmic reticulum, and mitochondria, are located in the cytoplasm

Lysosome vs peroxisome

Both are organelles found in all eukaryotic cells.
Lysosomes contain enzymes (lysozyme) that degrade molecules for phagocytosis.
Peroxisomes contain enzymes (catalase) that convert H2O2 to water and oxygen, neutralizing toxicity.

Cytokinesis vs cell division

Cell division (mitosis) occurs when a whole cell divides, while cytokinesis is the last step of mitosis in which the cytoplasm of the cell divides.

Translation vs transcription

Transcription involves the synthesis of RNA from a DNA template, while translation converts mRNA into proteins

Osmolality vs osmosis

The movement of water in or out of cells (osmosis) is dictated by the osmotic pressure gradient. Osmotic pressure causes water molecules from an area of lower osmolality (concentration of dissolved solids) to move to an area of higher osmolality until the osmolalities of the compartments are equal

Membrane channels

Membrane channels are complexes of membrane proteins that mediate passive transport of solutes by forming an aqueous diffusion pore

Phagocytosis vs pinocytosis

Pinocytosis involves the transport of solutes or fluids in and out of a cells.
Phagocytosis is the movement of large particles or whole cells

Rough ER vs smooth ER (endoplasmic reticulum)

The rough ER, studded with millions of ribosomes, is involved with the production and folding of some proteins.
Smooth ER is associated with lipid and steroid hormone production.

Isotonic vs hypotonic vs hypertonic

A hypertonic solution has a higher concentration of solute than another solution, meaning water will flow into it.
A hypotonic solution has a lower concentration of solute than another solution, meaning water will flow out of it.
An isotonic solution has the same or very similar concentration of solute as another solution, meaning the water flow will reach equilibrium.

Sodium-potassium pump

The sodium potassium pump system moves sodium and potassium ions against large concentration gradients through active transport.
It moves two K+ ions into the cell where potassium levels are high, and pumps 3 Na+ ions out of the cell and into the extracurricular fluid.

Semi-permable vs selectively permeable

Semipermeable membrane describes a membrane that allows some particles to pass through (by size), whereas the selectively permeable membrane “chooses” what passes through (size is not a factor)

Stem cell vs progenitor cell

Stem/progenitor cells possess the abilities of self-renewal, multipotent differentiation, and repair after organ injury.
Stem cells can produce additional stem cells, while progenitor cells are already partially differentiated and display a limited capability of differentiation.