Chemistry: Molecular Geometry, Bonding, and Electron Domains

How many bonds and lone pairs does Carbon have?

4 bonds, 0 lone pairs

How many bonds and lone pairs does Nitrogen have?

3 bonds, 1 lone pair

How many bonds and lone pairs does Oxygen have?

2 bonds, 2 lone pairs

How many bonds and lone pairs does Halogen have?

1 bond, 3 lone pairs

What is a molecular compound?

Nonmetal + nonmetal

What is an ionic compound?

Metal + nonmetal

What is lattice energy?

The energy required to separate one mole of a solid ionic compound into its gaseous ions.

What factors influence lattice energy?

Distance between ions (inverse relationship), charge (proportional relationship).

Where do we want the formal charges?

Negative formal charge on the most electronegative atom, positive on the least electronegative atom.

How many electron groups does the linear electron geometry have?

2 electron groups

What is the hybridization of the linear electron geometry?

sp

What is the molecular geometry of a linear electron geometry?

Linear, 0 lone pairs

How many electron groups are in the Trigonal Planar Electron Geometry?

3 electron groups

What is the hybridization of the trigonal planar electron geometry?

sp2

What molecular geometry is a trigonal planar with 3 EG, 3 bonding groups, and 0 LP?

Trigonal planar

What molecular geometry is a trigonal planar with 3 EG, 2 bonding groups, and 1 LP?

Bent

How many electron groups does the tetrahedral electron geometry have?

4 electron groups

What is the hybridization of the tetrahedral electron geometry?

sp3

What molecular geometry is a tetrahedral with 4 EG, 4 bonding groups, and 0 LP?

Tetrahedral

What molecular geometry is a tetrahedral with 4 EG, 3 bonding groups, and 1 LP?

Trigonal pyramidal

What molecular geometry is a tetrahedral with 4 EG, 2 bonding groups, and 2 LP?

Bent

What molecular geometry is a Trigonal Bipyramidal with 5 EG, 5 bonding groups, and 0 LP?

Trigonal Bipyramidal

What molecular geometry is a Trigonal Bipyramidal with 5 EG, 4 bonding groups, and 1 LP?

Seesaw

What molecular geometry is a Trigonal Bipyramidal with 5 EG, 3 bonding groups, and 2 LP?

T-shaped

What molecular geometry is a Trigonal Bipyramidal with 5 EG, 2 bonding groups, and 3 LP?

Linear

What molecular geometry is an Octahedral with 6 EG, 6 bonding groups, and 0 LP?

Octahedral

What molecular geometry is an Octahedral with 5 EG, 5 bonding groups, and 1 LP?

Square pyramidal

What molecular geometry is an Octahedral with 5 EG, 4 bonding groups, and 2 LP?

Square planar

Which molecules can contain an expanded octet?

Molecules below period 3, Z=11+

What does the Lewis theory predict?

There are regions of electrons in an atom that repel each other.

Electron groups around the central atom will be most stable when they are as _____ ______ as possible?

Far apart

What is the difference between electron geometry vs. molecular geometry?

Electron geometry is based on electron groups, while molecular geometry is based on atoms.

What impact does the lone pair have on the shape of the molecule?

Lone pairs affect the shape as they occupy space but are not counted as points in molecular geometry.

Do lone pairs make the bonding-pair angle smaller or bigger?

Smaller

What is the relative size of repulsive force interactions?

LP to LP > LP to BP > BP to BP

What are the bond angles of a linear electron and molecular geometry?

180 degrees

What is the bond angle of a trigonal planar?

120 degrees

What is the bond angle of a bent trigonal planar?

Less than 120 degrees

What is the bond angle of a tetrahedral?

109.5 degrees

What is the bond angle of a trigonal pyramidal and bent tetrahedral?

Less than 109.5 degrees

What are the angles of a trigonal bipyramidal?

90 degrees, 120 degrees

What are the bond angles of a seesaw trigonal bipyramidal?

Less than 90 degrees, less than 120 degrees

What is the bond angle of a T-shaped trigonal bipyramidal?

Less than 90 degrees

What is the bond angle of a linear trigonal bipyramidal?

180 degrees

What is the bond angle of an octahedral?

90 degrees

What is the bond angle of a square pyramidal octahedral?

Less than 90 degrees

What is the bond angle of a square planar octahedral?

90 degrees

What are sigma bonds?

Head to head overlap, bonds on bonding axis.

What are pi bonds?

Side to side overlap, bonding above/below or in front/below bond axis.

Which bond is stronger, sigma or pi?

Sigma bonds are stronger.

What type of relationship does bond length and bond energy have?

Inverse relationship; longer bond = weaker bond, shorter bond = stronger bond.

Why do atoms react to form molecules?

To achieve a full valence shell.

What are the two ways atoms bond to fill their valence shell?

Ionic bonding and covalent bonding.

What is ionic bonding?

One atom gives an electron away and the other atom takes the electron.

What is covalent bonding?

Two atoms share electrons between nuclei.

What is the difference between molecular formula and structural formula?

Molecular formula shows actual number of atoms, structural formula uses lines to represent bonding.

What are resonance structures?

Structures of a molecular formula that share the same single bond skeletal structure.

What is moved in a resonance structure?

Only electrons (pi bonds or lone pairs).

What factors impact bond length?

Atom size and bond order.

What bonds can rotate?

Single (sigma) bonds.

Which type of bond rotates freely?

sp3-sp3 bonds.

What impact does resonance have on structural rotation?

The bond gains partial pi bond characteristics, making it less likely to rotate.

Larger electronegativity difference leads to _____ polar bond?

More polar bond.

How many p orbitals are there per pi bond?

2 p orbitals.

What counts as one electron group (EG)?

1 single bond = 1 EG, 1 double bond = 1 EG, 1 triple bond = 1 EG, 1 lone pair = 1 EG.