Amines:

AQA Amines topic

Amines

Compounds derived from ammonia molecules that contain a nitrogen atom.

Primary Amines

Amines where one hydrogen in ammonia is replaced with an alkyl group.

Secondary Amines

Amines where two hydrogens in ammonia are replaced with alkyl groups.

Tertiary Amines

Amines where all three hydrogens in ammonia are replaced with alkyl groups.

Quaternary Amines

Amines with four alkyl groups around the nitrogen atom, which carries a positive charge.

Aromatic Amines

Primary amines that contain a benzene ring.

Aliphatic Amines

Non-aromatic amines, which do not contain a benzene ring.

Cationic Surfactants

Quaternary ammonia salts used in cleaning products with a long hydrocarbon tail.

Tetramethylammonium Chloride

An example of a cationic surfactant.

Emulsion

A mixture that allows oil and water to mix, facilitated by surfactants.

Static Removal

The process by which positive ammonium ions attract negatively charged hair and fibers to eliminate static.

Amines as Bases

Compounds that accept H+ ions due to a lone pair of electrons on nitrogen.

Coordinate Bond

A bond formed when both electrons come from the lone pair of an amine.

Electron Density

The availability of electrons on nitrogen, affecting the strength of the base.

Aromatic Amines

Less basic due to electron withdrawal into the benzene ring.

Aliphatic Amines

More basic due to electron donation from alkyl groups.

Nucleophiles

Compounds that can donate a lone pair of electrons, such as amines.

Preparation of Aliphatic Amines

Achieved by reacting halogenoalkanes with excess ammonia or reducing nitriles.

Catalytic Hydrogenation

A method to produce primary amines using hydrogen gas and a nickel or platinum catalyst.

Nitrobenzene Reduction

The process of converting nitrobenzene to an aromatic amine.

Amides

Derivatives of carboxylic acids with the functional group -CONH2.

N-Substituted Amides

Amides where one hydrogen is replaced with an alkyl group.

Production of Amides

Made from the reaction of an acyl chloride with ammonia.