Types of Processing

Dehulling/Decortication

• Removal of outer coat of grain or nut

• Hulls high in fiber, low in digestibility for monogastrics

• Used as FIBER SOURCE in ruminants

• Can vary protein levels in CSM, SBOM by the amount of Hulls removed

• Undecorticated seeds has about 22% protein - Decortication can increase amount of protein to 60% (hulls low in protein; high in fiber)

Extruding/Gelatinization

• Feed is pressed, pushed, or protruded through constrictions under pressure.

• Grinding, heating with steam then forced through a tube by an auger (holes are cone-shaped from smaller to larger, allowing the feed to expand, causing disruption of the starch molecules)

• Improved feed efficiency Milo by 15% over dry rolled Milo in feed lot trials

Grinding

• Reduces particle size by impact, shearing, or attrition (may change digestibility of cellulose and protein)

• Hammermill: hammers decrease size until it passes through a screen; desirable when pelleting follows (weed seed present)

• Called Mash or Meal

• Mash - poultry

• Meal four footed animals

• Economical but depends on power, speed screen size and type of grain

Rolling

1.Dry

• cracking or crushing of grain by steel rollers

2. Steam

• Crimping

• Expose grain to steam for 1 - 8 minutes before rolling

• Does not improve feed efficiency over grinding

• Increase palatability and animal acceptance. Reduce fines.

• May add up to 6% moisture to grain.

Heat Treatments

• done excessively may destroy nutrients (protein, vitamins)

• done properly increases nutrient availability

• Destroys trypsin inhibitor in soybeans

• Improves rate and efficiency of gains thru partial gelatinization of protein

• Improves availability of fats and AA; Increases ME

• doesn't improve nutrient for monogastric but does for ruminants

Dry Heating

1. Micronizing

• Heated to 300° F by gas fired infrared generators as it passes on a steel plate then dropped into rolls. (7% moisture)

• Densities between 18 - 30 lbs per bushel

• 25# recommended

• Cheaper than steam rolling

2. Popping

• Milo - Density problem with reduced feed intake

Roasting

• Hogs fed whole cooked beans have a softer carcass

• Expensive equipment - requires long term investment

Corn and Soybeans

• Increase availability of starches and proteins

Soybeans

• Improves feed efficiency and gains by 10 % over ground corn.

• Fats - higher content in raw beans.

• Greatly increases availability and value of protein for monogastrics

Cooking

• fitting beef cattle

Hogs

• Potatoes, beans, soybeans

• Garbage: decreases nutrient availability but also destroys Trichinella which causes trichinois in humans.

• Reduces selection by hogs.

• Destroys proteins.

• All states require commercial garbage fed to animals must be cooked

trichinois

If pork is properly cooked - no problem with
transmission. But incidences are higher in areas where garbage is fed to hogs
- under cooking

Exploding

Swelling of grain under pressure then releasing of the air

• Grain put into steel “bottles” steam injected into the bottles to 250 psi for 20 seconds then released.

• Forces moisture into the grain

• Becomes expanded balls with hulls removed

• Product similar to puffed cereal

• Compared to steam flaking of Milo in animal response

Flaking

• Modification of steam rolling by increasing the amount of time steam is applied or by the amount of pressure.

• Milo responds the best

• Preferred method for horses – Fluffy - produces fewer digestive problems

• Influences the density of the feed

• Results depend on: steaming time, temperature, grain moisture, roller size and tolerance, processing rate, type and variety of grain

Pelleting/Cubing

• Reduce storage space

• Transportation costs

• Popular amount horse owners

• May DESTROY vitamins A, E, and K if insufficient antioxidants for processing

Compacting and forcing through dies

• Facilitates mechanization

• Eliminates fines; increase palatability

• Alleviates separation of ingredients and sorting

• Increases feed density

Pellegra

under pelleting/cubing

• nicin deficiency

• Does not exist in Mexico despite their high corn based diets

• Limewater is added to the corn meal in making tortilla

• Limewater releases nicotinic acid

Crumbling

• Pellets crumbled

• Feed additives (Terramycin crumbles)

Bran Mash

• Steamed wheat bran

• Traditional feed for horse on idle days

Watered Feeds

• Mixing water with feeds to make a gruel, slurry or swill

• Mixing, whey with wheat screenings

Blocks

1. Mineral supplements

2. Fat supplements

• High energy blocks

• Up to 500lbs in size for long term use

• Hardness, salt and fat content will help limiting intake to about 2lbs per day

• Lessen labor requirements for range cattle

• Alleviates losses from feeding on ground or from wind

Feeding whole corm

• Under six months of age calves masticate enough to process the whole kernels

• Roughage to concentrate ratio seems to be important.

• Whole kernels in the grain cause concern. However, ground corn passes through also but is fine, therefore, not seen.

• Animals on high concentrate diets show very little improvement from processed ground grain. May not offset processing cost.

• Hogs and poultry not a problem