Types of Processing

Dehulling/Decortication

- Removal of outer coat of grain or nut
- Hulls high in fiber, low in digestibility for monogastrics
- Used as FIBER SOURCE in ruminants
- Can vary protein levels in CSM, SBOM by the amount of Hulls
removed
- Undecorticated seeds has about 22% protein - Decortication can
increase amount of protein to 60% (hulls low in protein; high in fiber)

Extruding/Gelatinization

- Feed is pressed, pushed, or protruded through constrictions under
pressure.
- Grinding, heating with steam then forced through a tube by an auger (holes are cone-shaped from smaller to larger, allowing the feed to expand, causing disruption of the starch molecules)
- Improved feed efficiency Milo by 15% over dry rolled Milo in feed lot
trials

Grinding

- Reduces particle size by impact, shearing, or attrition (may change digestibility of cellulose and protein)
- Hammermill: hammers decrease size until it passes through a screen; desirable when pelleting follows (weed seed present)
- Called Mash or Meal
- Mash - poultry
- Meal four footed animals
- Economical but depends on power, speed screen size and type of
grain

Rolling

1.Dry
- cracking or crushing of grain by steel rollers

2. Steam
- Crimping
- Expose grain to steam for 1 - 8 minutes before rolling
- Does not improve feed efficiency over grinding
- Increase palatability and animal acceptance. Reduce fines.
- May add up to 6% moisture to grain.

Heat Treatments

- done excessively may destroy nutrients (protein, vitamins)
- done properly increases nutrient availability

- Destroys trypsin inhibitor in soybeans
- Improves rate and efficiency of gains thru partial
gelatinization of protein
- Improves availability of fats and AA; Increases ME
- doesn't improve nutrient for monogastric but does for ruminants

Dry Heating

1. Micronizing
- Heated to 300° F by gas fired infrared generators as it passes
on a steel plate then dropped into rolls. (7% moisture)
- Densities between 18 - 30 lbs per bushel
- 25# recommended
- Cheaper than steam rolling

2. Popping
- Milo - Density problem with reduced feed intake

Roasting

- Hogs fed whole cooked beans have a softer carcass
- Expensive equipment - requires long term investment

Corn and Soybeans
- Increase availability of starches and proteins

Soybeans
- Improves feed efficiency and gains by 10 % over ground corn.
- Fats - higher content in raw beans.
- Greatly increases availability and value of protein for
monogastrics

Cooking

- fitting beef cattle

Hogs
- Potatoes, beans, soybeans

- Garbage: decreases nutrient availability but also destroys Trichinella
which causes trichinois in humans.
- Reduces selection by hogs.
- Destroys proteins.
- All states require commercial garbage fed to animals must be cooked

trichinois

If pork is properly cooked - no problem with
transmission. But incidences are higher in areas where garbage is fed to hogs
- under cooking

Exploding

Swelling of grain under pressure then releasing of the air
- Grain put into steel “bottles” steam injected into the bottles to
250 psi for 20 seconds then released.
- Forces moisture into the grain

- Becomes expanded balls with hulls removed
- Product similar to puffed cereal
- Compared to steam flaking of Milo in animal response

Flaking

- Modification of steam rolling by increasing the amount of time steam is applied or by the amount of pressure.
- Milo responds the best
- Preferred method for horses – Fluffy - produces fewer digestive
problems
- Influences the density of the feed
- Results depend on: steaming time, temperature, grain moisture, roller size and tolerance, processing rate, type and variety of grain

Pelleting/Cubing

- Reduce storage space
- Transportation costs
- Popular amount horse owners
- May DESTROY vitamins A, E, and K if insufficient antioxidants for
processing

Compacting and forcing through dies
- Facilitates mechanization
- Eliminates fines; increase palatability
- Alleviates separation of ingredients and sorting
- Increases feed density

Pellegra

under pelleting/cubing
- nicin deficiency
- Does not exist in Mexico despite their high corn based
diets
- Limewater is added to the corn meal in making tortilla
- Limewater releases nicotinic acid

Crumbling

- Pellets crumbled
- Feed additives (Terramycin crumbles)

Bran Mash

- Steamed wheat bran
- Traditional feed for horse on idle days

Watered Feeds

- Mixing water with feeds to make a gruel, slurry or swill
- Mixing, whey with wheat screenings

Blocks

1. Mineral supplements

2. Fat supplements
- High energy blocks
- Up to 500lbs in size for long term use
- Hardness, salt and fat content will help limiting intake to about 2lbs per day
- Lessen labor requirements for range cattle
- Alleviates losses from feeding on ground or from wind

Feeding whole corm

- Under six months of age calves masticate enough to process the whole kernels
- Roughage to concentrate ratio seems to be important.
- Whole kernels in the grain cause concern. However, ground corn
passes through also but is fine, therefore, not seen.
- Animals on high concentrate diets show very little improvement from
processed ground grain. May not offset processing cost.
- Hogs and poultry not a problem