unit 5 part ii: categorizing and treating mental disorders

DSM5

the APA’s Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fifth Edition; a widely used system for classifying psychological disorders

Hallucinations

false perceptions that may involve one or more of the senses

Social anxiety disorder

intense fear and avoidance of social situations

Anxiety Disorders

a group of disorders characterized by excessive fear and anxiety and related maladaptive behaviors

Generalized Anxiety disorder

an anxiety disorder in which a person is continually tense, apprehensive, and in a state of autonomic nervous system arousal

Panic Disorder

an anxiety disorder marked by unpredictable,minute-long episodes of intense dread in which a person may experience terror and accompanying chest pain, choking, or other frightening sensations; often followed by worry over a possible next attack

Agoraphobia

fear or avoidance of situations, such as crowds or wide open places, where one may experience a loss of control and panic

Specific phobia

an anxiety disorder marked by a persistent, irrational fear and avoidance of a specific object, activity, or situation

Obsessive-compulsive Disorder (OCD)

a disorder characterized by unwanted repetitive thoughts (obsessions), actions (compulsions), or both

Hoarding Disorder

a persistent difficulty parting with possessions, regardless of their value

Posttraumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD)

a disorder characterized by haunting memories, nightmares, hypervigilance, avoidance of trauma-related stimuli, social withdrawal, jumpy anxiety, numbness of feeling, and/or insomnia that lingers for 4 weeks or more after a traumatic experience

Trauma and Stressor Related Disorders

a group of disorders in which exposure to a traumatic or stressful event is followed by psychological distress

Disorganized thinking or speech

may manifest in ways such as speaking in word salad (stringing together words in nonsensical ways)

Depressive Disorders

a group of disorders characterized by an enduring sad, empty, or irritable mood, along with physical and cognitive changes that affect a person’s ability to function

Bipolar Disorders

a group of disorders in which a person alternates between the hopelessness and lethargy of depression and the overexcited state of mania

Major Depressive Disorder

a disorder in which a person experiences five3 or more symptoms lasting two or more weeks, in the absence of drug use or a medical condition, at least one of which must be either depressed mood or loss of interest or pleasure 

Persistent Depressive Disorder

 a disorder in which people experience a depressed mood on more days than not for at least two years 

Bipolar I Disorder

the most severe form of BPD, in which people experience a euphoric, talkative, highly energetic, and overly ambitious state that lasts a week or longer 

Bipolar II Disorder

a less severe form of BPD in which people move between depression  and a milder hypomania 

Mania

a hyperactive, wildly optimistic state in which dangerously poor judgment is common 

Rumination

compulsive fretting; overthinking our problems and their causes 

Schizophrenia Spectrum Disorders

Characterized by issues in one or more of these five areas: delusions, hallucinations, disorganized thinking or speech, disorganized motor behavior, and negative symptoms 

Psychotic Disorders

a group of disorders marked by irrational ideas, distorted perceptions, and a loss of contact with reality 

Delusion

false beliefs that may manifest in ways such as delusions of persecution or grandeur and may accompany psychotic disorders 

Chronic Schizophrenia

a form of schizo in which symptoms usually appear by late adolescence or early adulthood, psychotic episodes last longer as people get older and recovery periods shorten

Acute Schizophrenia

a form of schizo that can begin at any age, frequently occurs in response to a traumatic event, and from which recovery is much more likely 

Dissociative Disorders

a controversial, rare group of disorders characterized by a disruption of discontinuity in the normal integration of consciousness, memory, identity, emotion, perception, body representation, motor control, and behavior

Dissociative Identity Disorder

a rare dissociative disorder in which a person exhibits two or more distinct and alternating identities 

Dissociative Amnesia

a disorder in which people with intact brains reportedly experience memory gaps; people with dissociative amnesia may report not remembering trauma-related specific events, people, places, or aspects of their identity and life history 

Odd, Eccentric; Paranoid Personality Disorder, Schizoid Personality Disorder, Schizotypal Personality Disorder

List the personality Disorders of Cluster A

Dramatic, Emotional, Erratic; Antisocial Personality Disorder, Borderline Personality Disorder, Histrionic Personality Disorder, Narcissistic

List the Personality Disorders of Cluster B

Dramatic, Emotional, Erratic; Antisocial Personality Disorder, Borderline Personality Disorder, Histrionic Personality Disorder, Narcissistic

List the Personality Disorders of Cluster C

Antisocial Personality Disorder

disregarding/violating the rights of others; impulsive, irresponsible, deceitful, manipulative, lack of guilt or remorse 

Paranoid Personality Disorder

suspiciousness, distrust of others 

Schizoid Personality Disorder

social detachment, limited emotional expression

Schizotypal Personality Disorder

intense social discomfort, distorted cognitions or perceptions, behavioral eccentricity

Borderline Personality Disorder

impulsivity, unstable relationships and self-image

Histrionic Personality Disorder

extreme emotional expression, a need for attention

Narcissistic Personality Disorder

grandiosity, admiration-seeking behavior, deficient empathy

Avoidant Personality Disorder

social inhibition, feeling inadequate, sensitivity to criticism

Dependent Personality Disorder

submissive behavior, emotional neediness

Obsessive-Compulsive Personality Disorder

a fixation on orderliness, the need for perfection and control

Neurodevelopmental Disorders

central nervous system abnormalities (usually in the brain) that start in childhood and alter thinking and behavior (as in intellectual limitations or a psychological disorder) and result in inappropriate behavior

Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD)

a disorder that appears in childhood and is marked by limitations in communication and social interaction, and by rigidly fixated interests and repetitive behaviors

Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD)

a psychological disorder marked by extreme inattention and/or hyperactivity and impulsivity

Psychotherapy

treatment involving psychological techniques; consists of interactions between a trained therapist and someone seeking to overcome psychological difficulties or achieve personal growth

Biomedical Therapy

prescribed medications or procedures that act directly on the person’s physiology

Eclectic Approach

an approach to psychotherapy that uses techniques from various forms of therapy

Psychoanalysis

Freud, free associations, resistances, dreams,and transferences and those interpretations released previously repressed feelings allowing for insight

Transference

in psychoanalysis, the patient’s transfer to the analyst of emotions linked with other relationships (such as love or hatred for a parent)

Exposure Therapies

behavioral techniques, such as systematic desensitization and virtual reality exposure therapy, that treat anxieties by exposing people to the things they fear and avoid 

Systematic Desensitization

associating associates a pleasant relaxed state with gradually increasing anxiety - triggering stimuli

Aversive Therapy

associating an unpleasant state with an unwanted behavior 

Token Economy

people earn a token (a chip, sticker) for exhibiting a desired behavior and can later exchange tokens for privileges or treats 

Rational-Emotive Behavior Therapy (REBT)

Vigorously challenges people’s illogical, self-defeating attitudes and assumptions (Beck), more aggressive

Group Therapy

therapy conducted with groups rather than individuals, providing benefits from group interaction 

Family Therapy

therapy that treats people in the context of their family system and views an individual’s unwanted behaviors as influenced by, or directed at, other family members 

Applied Behavioral Analysis

applying principles of conditioning to address mental disorders and developmental disabilities

Negative Symptom

lack of typical behavior such as emotional expression or lack of movement 

Dopamine Hypothesis

A dopamine imbalance may lead to symptoms; can cause delusions and hallucinations 

Bipolar Cycling

recurring shifts in mood and energy levels characteristic of BPD, periods of mania or hypomania and depression, characterized by 4 or more of these mood shifts in a 12-month period 

Acrophobia

an irrational and persistent fear of heights 

Arachnophobia

an irrational and persistent fear of spiders 

Ataque de Nervios

a culturally-bound syndrome primarily in Hispanic cultures, characterized by an intense emotional upset or panic attack triggered by stressful events 

Maladaptive Behavior

any behavior that negatively impacts a person’s ability to function effectively or adapt to their environment 

Fugue State

a sudden loss of memory or change in identity, often in response to an overwhelmingly stressful situation 

Catatonia

a state of extreme motor and behavioral disturbances

Interpretation

In psychoanalysis, the analyst’s noting of supposed dream meanings, resistances, and other significant behaviors and events in an effort to promote insight 

Psychodynamic Therapy

therapy deriving from. the psychoanalytic tradition; views individuals as responding to unconscious forces and childhood experiences, and seeks to enhance self-insight

Insight Therapies

therapies that aim to improve psychological functioning by increasing a person’s awareness of underlying motives and defenses 

Person-centered Therapy

a humanistic therapy, developed by Carl Rogers, therapist uses techniques like active listening within an accepting, genuine, empathetic environment to facilitate growth 

Active Listening

empathetic listening in which the listener echoes, restates, and seeks clarification; a feature of Roger’s person-centered therapy 

Behavior Therapy

uses learning principles to reduce unwanted behaviors, believes that behavior itself is the problem 

Counterconditioning

behavior therapy procedures that use classical conditioning to evoke new responses to stimuli that are triggering unwanted behaviors; include exposure therapies and aversive conditioning 

VR Exposure Therapy

a counter conditioning technique that treats anxiety through creative electronic simulations in which people can safely face specific fears, such as flying, spiders, or public speaking

Cognitive Therapy

therapy that teaches people new, more adaptive ways of thinking; based on the assumption that thoughts intervene between events and our emotional reactions

CBT

a popular integrative therapy that combines cognitive therapy with behavior therapy (changing self-defeating thinking and behavior together) 

Therapeutic Alliance

a bond of trust and mutual understanding between a therapist and client, who work together constructively to overcome the client’s problem 

Psychopharmacology

the study of the effects of drugs on mind and behavior 

Antipsychotic Drugs

drugs used to treat schizophrenia and other forms of severe thought disorders 

Anti anxiety Drugs

drugs used to control anxiety and agitation 

Antidepressant Drugs

drugs used to treat depressive disorders, anxiety disorders, obsessive-compulsive and related disorders, and PTSD, selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors 

ECT

a biomedical therapy for severe depression in which a brief electric current is sent through the brain of an anesthetized person 

TMS

the application of repeated pulses of magnetic energy to the brain;used to stimulate or suppress brain activity 

Hypnosis

a social interaction in which the person suggests to another that certain perceptions, feelings, thoughts, or behaviors will spontaneously occur, the hypnotist attempts to use suggestion. to reduce unpleasant physical sensations or emotions

Dissociation

a split in consciousness, which allows some thoughts and behaviors to occur simultaneously with others 

Dialectical Behavioral Therapy

a type of psychotherapy, specifically a variation of CBT that focuses on helping individuals manage intense emotions and improve interpersonal effectiveness

Biofeedback

individuals learn to consciously control physiological responses like heart rate, muscle tension, or even brain activity, using instruments that provide feedback on these processes

Cognitive Triad

three interconnected negative thought patterns that can contribute to depression; thoughts about the self, world, and future 

Free Association

a psychoanalytic technique where a patient is encouraged to express thoughts and feelings without censorship, allowing unconscious material to surface

Dorothea Dix

pushed for gentler, more humane treatments and for constructing psychiatric hospitals