CSS 861: Restorative Justice, Victimization and Victim Assistance

Flashcards for key concepts in Restorative Justice, Victimization, and Victim Assistance.

What is CSS 861?

A 3 credit unit course on Restorative Justice, Victimization, and Victim Assistance at the National Open University of Nigeria.

What is the core principle of restorative justice?

To repair injuries caused by crime and involve victims in the justice process.

What should students develop to support arguments in the study of restorative justice?

Constructive minds and use situational analysis, case studies, and other research-oriented approaches.

What is the traditional justice founded around?

Punishment as a means of preventing vengeance from the victim.

What is Proportionality in retributive justice?

Severe crimes harsher than minor crimes, and the severity of the crime is usually determined by the amount of harm and the moral imbalance it creates.

What is the goal in retributive justice?

The only goal in retributive justice is the punishment of the offender.

What is the definition of Restorative Justice?

Justice that focuses on the needs of victims, offenders, and the involved community, instead of satisfying abstract legal principles or punishing the offender.

What are the key points as defined by Carolyn Boyes-Watson in 2014 regarding restorative justice?

A growing social movement to institutionalize peaceful approaches to harm, problem-solving, and violations of legal and human rights.

What is Zehr's first principle of restorative justice?

Crime causes harm and justice should focus on repairing that harm.

What is Zehr's second principle of restorative justice?

The people most affected by the crime should be able to participate in its resolution.

What is the third principle of restorative justice?

The responsibility of the government is to maintain order and of the community to build peace.

What role do victims and offenders play in the restorative approach?

The victim and the offender play a remarkable role in the process which is usually anchored by relevant state institutions.

In restorative justice, is inflicted punishment a way of measuring success?

No, it is measures how much harm is repaired or prevented.

What are features of restorative justice programmes?

A flexible response to the circumstances of the crime, the offender and the victim, one that allows each case to be considered individually.

What are the characteristcs features of restorative justice?

It is a different way of thinking about crime and how individual and the community response to crime.

What may Restorative justice be beneficial for?

Psychological wellbeing, by reducing symptoms of Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) and stress and being empowered.

What can restorative justice reduce?

Repeat offenses by some offenders or at least as well as prison.

What is needed for a fully restorative process to achieve its objectives?

An identifiable victim; Voluntary participation by the victim; An offender who accepts responsibility for his/her criminal behaviour; and, Non-coerced participation of the offender.

What are 4 process values?

Restoration of the victim and victimized community, importance of the victim in the criminal justice process, holding offenders directly accountable and encouraging the entire community to be involved.

What does Marty Price state restorative justice is?

Restorative justice seeks to build partnerships to re-establish mutual responsibility for constructive responses to wrongdoing within our communities.

What are at least four vital ingredients for a fully restorative process to achieve its objectives?

An identifiable victim; Voluntary participation by the victim; An offender who accepts responsibility for his/her criminal behaviour; and, Non-coerced participation of the offender.

What are some examples of innovative restorative practices?

Indigenous practices being modified for use, victim-offender encounters employed inside correctional facilities, and restorative processes utilized to tackle conflict between citizens and the government.

When did the phrase "restorative justice" has appeared in literature?

Since the first half of the nineteenth century

When did Albert Eglash, described the three different approaches to justice: retributive justice, distributive justice, and restorative,

in 1977.

What are the methods of Restorative Justice?

Victim-offender dialogue, victim, offender and community meeting, victim offender mediation, family or community group conferencing, peacemaking or sentencing circles.

What is Victim-offender dialogue also known as?

Victim-offender mediation, victim-offender conferencing, victim-offender reconciliation, or restorative justice dialogue.

What are meetings between victims, their offenders, and members of the affected community ways to address?

The relational dimension of crime and justice.

Under Restorative Justice; sanctions, such as Restitution and Community service, can be used for what purpose?

Can be used instead for retributive reasons or as a means of rehabilitating the offender.

What are some of the sources of increased momentum in the restorative justice movement??

The movement towards increased rights for victims, alarm over increasing and high rates of incarceration and the movement towards greater community involvement in crime prevention

What is Howard Zehr's theory of restorative justice?

That crime is a violation of people and relationships.

What is Braithwaite's Re-integrating Shaming theory?

Shaming offenders and reintegrating the offender back into the community of law-abiding citizens is the effective way to control crime.

What is the Procedural Justice Theory?

Communicating condemnation within a continuum of respect for the lawbreaker. A key way to show respect is to be fair, to listen, to empower others with process control, and to abstain from prejudice on the grounds of age, sex, or race.

What is Howard Zehr's Defiance Theory claim?

Disrespect begets disrespect ―and few things communicate disrespect as efficiently as the criminal abuse of another human being.

What is Causal Theory of Restorative Justice?

Crimes harm people and relationships, justice requires efforts at healing those harmed, as much as possible and it should be based on the goal of healing rather than sentence.

What are the basic postulates by Howard Zehr?

That crimes harm people and relationships.

How was the conferencing model?

Conferencing was adapted from the New Zealand family group conferencing model, developed in the early 1990s.

Define reintegrative shaming?

Condemning the person‘s behavior but their self-esteem and confidence are upheld through positive comments about them and gestures of forgiveness and re-acceptance.

When did re-integrative shaming happen?

The person‘s behavior is condemned but their self-esteem and confidence are upheld through positive comments about them and gestures of forgiveness and re-acceptance.

Give key questions in the procedures in Court and if they are more or less likely in restorative Justice?

There key questions is weather citizens feel they are treated more fairly in restorative justice processes than in courts and whether they are more likely to understand what is going on . The answer seams to be yes.

What is crime?

The breach of a rule or law for which a punishment may ultimately be prescribed by some governing authority of force.

What is required for a crime, from a legal point of view?

Harm, Legality, Actus reus, Mens rea, Causation, Concurrence, and Punishment.

What is Actus Reus?

Criminal action or inaction that causes harm.

What is Mens Rea?

Criminal intent or a guilty state of mind.

What factors would negate criminal responsibility?

Duress, Under-age, Insanity, Self-Defence, Entrapment, Necessity

What does the acronym ACJA 2015 Stand for?

The Administration of Criminal Justice Act.

What Does it Means for: Criminal law?

The body of law pertaining to crimes and their punishment.

What is Recidivism?

Future criminal offenses following a previous offense, defined through new arrests, new charges, and new convictions.

What is the Origin to crime connect with?

Religious beliefs.

What are some reasons for crime?

Poverty, criminal tendencies, public normlessness, poor justice, religious fanaticism, greed, weak law, poor socialization, mental instability and ignorance.

What are the 3 main factors that affect crime?

Economic factors/poverty, Social environment and family structure.

Whats is the peer pressure??

A culture in the society due to another peers.

How does Drugs and Alcohol have an influence in what becomes of crime?

Alters the state of the user‘s mind and predispose it to crime.

What is Moral Decadence as a result of crime?

It manifests itself in the form of various social vices and ills epitomized by corruption, indiscipline, moral laxity and many other ills in the society.

What are some of the major risk factors for crime prevalence in society??

Occasional and Persistent Delinquents, High crime Areas, gender, persistent Unemployment, frustration and Social and Moral Decadence.

Who is Merton and his Anomie Theory ? ?

All social and cultural structures are characterized by cultural, defined norms.

Who is Albert Bendura ?

He was the one whom influenced hull and Skinners social learning experiences and proposed and Obserevation Theory.

Discuss Theory by Sutherland differential Association as to do with crimes

Is that socialisation to deviance is stronger than socialization to conformity. Individual engages in deviant behaviour when he acquires an excess definition favourable to violations of law over definition unfavourable to violation of law, that is, there is more association and closer interaction with people who favour deviance than those who oppose it

Who Cornish And Clarke ? what do they Say ? -Rational choice Thereoy

Describe crimes as a event that occurs when a offender decide to a rinks break the law after his own needs of money, value etc

What is the basic premise Routine activity by Marcus Felson’s

Most crime is theft and not reported to police its note dramatic, and is relativly unaffected social reasons, it just a needs a the opportunity to happen.

What does the act Crime against humanity mean?

An act of persecution of any large sacle, it has no limitation of law its basically attack against an person for the target etc is the religion or any thing that has direcl result of doing

Are Racial crime crimes against humanity:??

Systematic persecution of one Racial group.

What does the criminal Justice consist Of?

law Enforcement (Police), Courts, prosecutors defence attorneys and corrections.

What is the Role of Police /

Law enforcement empowered to use force and other for to effect public and social order from its power

Can one be a Lawyer And a judge all in one??

No - judges administers the Law and give the decision to dispose of cases.

What is a prosecutor:??

The lawyer who brings charges agaisnt the individual or corporation, it is who duty to to explain what crimes was Committed

Coreectional what do they have as responsibilities

The administer of the of to make decision of sentence the person who is guilt.

Describe Criminal Justice System

Collection of Criminall law and Procedure , for moment criminal complaints is is lad before police by Enforcement officer all the way thought arrest

Restorive Justice In the Law, What is It Known For ??

Have adopted legislation, such as: United Nations and council have adopted effective use on restorative Justice.

Restortive Within The Law Enforcement?

In the Police Stations, where caution is used in respect to criminal crimes and juvenile and helping problems such as overcrowdi

Who Is the Best Partner for the restorive Justince ( Criminal Justince?

All, procecutors, Judges, Larey attorneys, all have good participation in it, and probation officers are usually involved

Where doe the Human rights and court seams as to do with Fairness In court and being clear at the Need of transparency??

The restorative meetings are usually take in private settings

Is the Prison Venue to be for Restoritive Justince.?

Correctional institutions aren't regular venue, be the they are crammer wit ofenders who have been sentenced.

What happened after the offence that occur from victim

Neighbour hood, all, they also have done from by them to also have effective

Give an important for peace commis

To have relation between them so they will be not all the of

What are goals when going to a Town or region and Community Centre?:??

Helped to have more effective town and are helps them to be stronger for people.

Why has Police and general population the reduce or increase power from each?

Because of any of several factor.

Whate the importence or participation of victims?

Be a core by having the potential in the to healing them and have good resources, and healing

Wemmers (2002) what to do suggest of what needs to be done for Victim:???

Need of information for the victim or a After a reporter they need to have all things they did wrong come bad. The emotion to it

WHAT ARE THE different THE type and number ares ??

People just want to are all people safe and a not have fear they will feel ok because they don’t know how this thing happen with someone like that who is safe I was a this a they just know

What needs for the practical??

Have with helps repairs doors to get things that I can't affor

International Right

Have rights to notify all people of court and for other remedies to report what is going on have full to take information.

WHAT ARE THERE to do or Have??

Protect them tell them to stop are helps etc of the help, so please do all

Restitution as with Help with and of crime What are is ?

What of and other to do for someone the victims for all cost the was take all cost that been have take direct

What help has that one go to see with

Take all need and the to have great future and to take all that is the what the the make they what of what the that is there

What is Victem Reprot? Method

Victim or are a good is a and offender etc and

What does the Symbolic interaction mean??

To and that have to or and of and the and or from