chapter 9: sleep and biological rhythms

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79 Terms

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circannual vs. circadian cycles

circannual: yearly cycles (e.g., migration, hibernation). circadian: daily cycles (~24 hours, e.g., sleep-wake cycle). endogenous factors (like the scn) maintain internal rhythms. exogenous factors (light, temperature) help synchronize them to the environment.

<p>circannual: yearly cycles (e.g., migration, hibernation). circadian: daily cycles (~24 hours, e.g., sleep-wake cycle). endogenous factors (like the scn) maintain internal rhythms. exogenous factors (light, temperature) help synchronize them to the environment.</p>
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free-running rhythm

a rhythm that persists without external cues (e.g., light/dark). it varies slightly among animals, not always 24 hours.

<p>a rhythm that persists without external cues (e.g., light/dark). it varies slightly among animals, not always 24 hours.</p>
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daily rhythm resetting

light exposure, melatonin, social cues, and physical activity can reset circadian rhythms.

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zeitgeber

a time cue (e.g., sunlight) that helps regulate biological rhythms.

<p>a time cue (e.g., sunlight) that helps regulate biological rhythms.</p>
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eeg (electroencephalogram)

measures brain's electrical activity; reveals different brain states like sleep stages.

<p>measures brain's electrical activity; reveals different brain states like sleep stages.</p>
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emg (electromyogram)

measures muscle activity; low during rem sleep use to atonia.

<p>measures muscle activity; low during rem sleep use to atonia.</p>
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eog (electroculogram)

measures eye movements; detects rem sleep through rapid movements.

<p>measures eye movements; detects rem sleep through rapid movements.</p>
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alpha, beta, theta, delta waves

alpha: relaxed wakefulness. beta: alert, awake state. theta: light sleep (stage 1/2). delta: deep sleep (stages 3/4).

<p>alpha: relaxed wakefulness. beta: alert, awake state. theta: light sleep (stage 1/2). delta: deep sleep (stages 3/4).</p>
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synchronous neuronal activity

characteristic of sleep, especially slow-wave sleep.

<p>characteristic of sleep, especially slow-wave sleep.</p>
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brain waves during wakefulness

mostly beta (alert) and some alpha (relaxed).

<p>mostly beta (alert) and some alpha (relaxed).</p>
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4 sleep stages + rem

stage 1: light sleep, theta waves. stage 2: sleep spindles, k-complexes. stages 3 & 4: delta waves, deep slow-wave sleep. rem: rapid eye movement, vivid dreams, muscle atonia.

<p>stage 1: light sleep, theta waves. stage 2: sleep spindles, k-complexes. stages 3 &amp; 4: delta waves, deep slow-wave sleep. rem: rapid eye movement, vivid dreams, muscle atonia.</p>
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slow-wave sleep (sws)

deep sleep; stages 3 & 4 marked by delta waves.

<p>deep sleep; stages 3 &amp; 4 marked by delta waves.</p>
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sleep spindles

bursts of 12-15 hz activity; occur in stage 2.

<p>bursts of 12-15 hz activity; occur in stage 2.</p>
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k complex waves

high-amplitude waves in stage 2; response to stimuli, promote memory consolidation.

<p>high-amplitude waves in stage 2; response to stimuli, promote memory consolidation.</p>
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rem = paradoxical sleep

brain is active like wakefulness, but body is paralyzed.

<p>brain is active like wakefulness, but body is paralyzed.</p>
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nightly sleep progression

cycle through stages 1->2->3->4->rem; repeat ~90 mins. rem gets longer later in night.

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most rem sleep

occurs in the latter half of the night.

<p>occurs in the latter half of the night.</p>
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sleep deprivation effects

more rebound rem and slow-wave sleep during recovery.

<p>more rebound rem and slow-wave sleep during recovery.</p>
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3 theories of sleep

repair/restoration, evolutionary/circadian, and synaptic homeostasis (a synthesis).

<p>repair/restoration, evolutionary/circadian, and synaptic homeostasis (a synthesis).</p>
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repair and restoration evidence

for: growth hormone release, recovery from fatigue. against: sleep doesn't always correlate with exertion.

<p>for: growth hormone release, recovery from fatigue. against: sleep doesn't always correlate with exertion.</p>
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evolutionary theory evidence

for: sleep helps avoid predators. against: sleep can be risky for survival.

<p>for: sleep helps avoid predators. against: sleep can be risky for survival.</p>
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learning during sleep

no; conscious learning requires awareness.

<p>no; conscious learning requires awareness.</p>
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rem sleep and memory

enhances procedural and emotional memory.

<p>enhances procedural and emotional memory.</p>
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slow-wave sleep and memory

aids declarative (fact-based) memory consolidation.

<p>aids declarative (fact-based) memory consolidation.</p>
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what promotes learning during sleep?

replay of neural patterns (hippocampus) during rem and sws.

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sleep across lifespan

more rem in infants; sws decreases with age.

<p>more rem in infants; sws decreases with age.</p>
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passive sensory theory

sleep is due to reduced sensory input.

<p>sleep is due to reduced sensory input.</p>
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rejection of passive theory

active neural mechanisms promote sleep (e.g., vipoa inhibition).

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transection techniques

cerveau isolé: cut at midbrain; eeg shows continuous sleep. encephale isolé: cut at spinal cord; normal sleep cycle. caudal transection: preserves arousal; sleep/wake remains.

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reticular activating theory

reticular formation stimulates wakefulness.

<p>reticular formation stimulates wakefulness.</p>
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single locus for arousal?

no, arousal is mediated by several interconnected systems.

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acetylcholine & cortical desynchrony

enhances alertness and eeg desynchrony in waking and rem.

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cholinergic drugs

agonists increase arousal; antagonists reduce it.

<p>agonists increase arousal; antagonists reduce it.</p>
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endogenous ach activity

high in waking and rem; low in sws.

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norepinephrine (ne) role)

increases alertness and vigilance via locus coeruleus.

<p>increases alertness and vigilance via locus coeruleus.</p>
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adrenergic drugs

stimulation increases arousal; inhibition reduces it.

<p>stimulation increases arousal; inhibition reduces it.</p>
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catecholamine agonists

promote alertness (e.g., amphetamine).

<p>promote alertness (e.g., amphetamine).</p>
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endogenous ne activity

high in waking; low in rem.

<p>high in waking; low in rem.</p>
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serotonin role

helps initiate sleep but not maintain rem.

<p>helps initiate sleep but not maintain rem.</p>
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serotonin blockers

reduce cortical arousal.

<p>reduce cortical arousal.</p>
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endogenous 5-ht activity

high during wake; decreases in rem.

<p>high during wake; decreases in rem.</p>
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histamine role

promotes wakefulness from the tuberomammillary nucleus.

<p>promotes wakefulness from the tuberomammillary nucleus.</p>
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antihistamines

induce drowsiness by blocking histamine receptors.

<p>induce drowsiness by blocking histamine receptors.</p>
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histamine activity

high during wake; low during sleep.

<p>high during wake; low during sleep.</p>
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other name for orexin

hypocretin.

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orexin in arousal

stabilizes wakefulness and prevents inappropriate sleep.

<p>stabilizes wakefulness and prevents inappropriate sleep.</p>
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orexin activity

high during wakefulness; low during sleep.

<p>high during wakefulness; low during sleep.</p>
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modafinil

promotes wakefulness, likely via orexin and dopamine systems.

<p>promotes wakefulness, likely via orexin and dopamine systems.</p>
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adenosine role

accumulates during wake, promotes sleep.

<p>accumulates during wake, promotes sleep.</p>
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caffeine

blocks adenosine receptors, increases alertness.

<p>blocks adenosine receptors, increases alertness.</p>
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adenosinergic activity

high during prolonged wakefulness; reduced by sleep.

<p>high during prolonged wakefulness; reduced by sleep.</p>
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suprachiasmatic nucleus (scn)

in hypothalamus; master circadian clock.

<p>in hypothalamus; master circadian clock.</p>
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scn input

retinohypothalamic tract, signals from retinal ganglion cells.

<p>retinohypothalamic tract, signals from retinal ganglion cells.</p>
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melanopsin

light-sensitive pigment in retinal ganglion cells that signal the scn.

<p>light-sensitive pigment in retinal ganglion cells that signal the scn.</p>
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scn pacemaker activity

neurons show ~24-hour rhythms in electrical activity.

<p>neurons show ~24-hour rhythms in electrical activity.</p>
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scn genetic mechanisms

clock genes (e.g., per, cry, bmal1) regulate circadian cycles.

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chronotype

individual differences in circadian preference (morning/evening).

<p>individual differences in circadian preference (morning/evening).</p>
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pineal gland function

secretes melatonin, regulates sleep-wake timing.

<p>secretes melatonin, regulates sleep-wake timing.</p>
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melatonin timing

elevated at night; inhibited by light.

<p>elevated at night; inhibited by light.</p>
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melatonin & aging

secretion decreases with age.

<p>secretion decreases with age.</p>
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melatonin-regulated cycles

sleep-wake, reproductive cycles, seasonal rhythms.

<p>sleep-wake, reproductive cycles, seasonal rhythms.</p>
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pgo waves

pontine-geniculate-occipital waves; occur before rem, linked to dreaming.

<p>pontine-geniculate-occipital waves; occur before rem, linked to dreaming.</p>
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activation synthesis hypothesis

dreams result from brain interpreting random rem activity.

<p>dreams result from brain interpreting random rem activity.</p>
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dorsolateral prefrontal cortex

inactive during rem; explains lack of logic in dreams.

<p>inactive during rem; explains lack of logic in dreams.</p>
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thalamus in rem

relays dream imagery to cortex.

<p>relays dream imagery to cortex.</p>
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pons role

triggers rem and muscle atonia.

<p>triggers rem and muscle atonia.</p>
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primary visual cortex in rem

not strongly active.

<p>not strongly active.</p>
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secondary visual cortex in rem

active; processes visual imagery of dreams.

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amygdala in rem

highly active; processes emotional content of dreams.

<p>highly active; processes emotional content of dreams.</p>
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postural paralysis region

sublaterodorsal nucleus (sld) in pons.

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two circadian rhythm sleep disorders

advanced sleep phase disorder and delayed sleep phase disorder.

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onset vs. termination insomnia

onset: trouble falling asleep. termination: waking up too early.

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maintenance insomnia

difficulty staying asleep or frequent awakenings.

<p>difficulty staying asleep or frequent awakenings.</p>
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narcolepsy

sleep disorder with sleep attacks, often caused by orexin deficiency.

<p>sleep disorder with sleep attacks, often caused by orexin deficiency.</p>
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cataplexy

sudden muscle weakness while conscious, often triggered by emotion.

<p>sudden muscle weakness while conscious, often triggered by emotion.</p>
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sleep apnea

breathing stops briefly during sleep, causes daytime drowsiness.

<p>breathing stops briefly during sleep, causes daytime drowsiness.</p>
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sleep paralysis & hypnagogic hallucinations

paralysis upon falling asleep or waking; vivid dream-like hallucinations.

<p>paralysis upon falling asleep or waking; vivid dream-like hallucinations.</p>
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rem behavior disorder

failure of rem atonia; person acts out dreams.

<p>failure of rem atonia; person acts out dreams.</p>
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fatal familial insomnia

genetic disorder causing inability to sleep, leading to death.

<p>genetic disorder causing inability to sleep, leading to death.</p>