16,17,18,20 Physiological Systems

Study.com College Biology 101

Cerebellum

The part of the human brain located at the back of the head that helps us coordinate our movements and walk. This area of the brain also supports our memory.

Lactic Acid Fermentation

A type of anaerobic cellular respiration that isn't very effective. This kind of respiration can lead to achy muscles later on.

Cellular Respiration

This process allows cells to turn food into energy. It produces water, carbon dioxide and energy.

Types of tissue in the heart

The heart has nervous tissues that guide its beat, epithelial tissues that keep blood in the heart, and connective tissues that connect it to your ribs.

Definition of Organs

A structure that is composed of different kinds of tissues that work with one another in order to complete a task.

Genetic Reassortment

A shift in gene segments that can occur if you get infected with two viruses at the same time. This can result in shifts in antigens that lead to disease outbreaks.

Bronchi

The biological structures that connect the lungs and the trachea, allowing the passage of air into our lungs.

Extracellular Matrix

This term refers to tissues that are found outside of cells.

The role of the mouth in digestion

Digestion begins in this body part as food is chewed and broken down by the enzyme amylase.

Cardiac Muscle Cells

A kind of involuntary muscle cell characterized by the ability to transmit electrical signals that instigate contractions.

Synapse

This junction exists at the end of an axon and is responsible for releasing neurotransmitters such as serotonin to target cells when instructed to by a depolarizing signal.

Epithelial Cells in the Stomach

These cells line the walls of your stomach and secrete mucus, hydrochloric acid and pepsinogen as needed to aid digestion.

Purpose of insulin injections

Individuals use these injections when their bodies don't properly produce the hormone insulin. They may also need injections if their cells are resistant to insulin.

Definition of Organisms

This term refers to individual cells that can grow, reproduce, maintain homeostasis and interact with stimuli.

Germ Theory

A scientific theory that states that infectious organisms, these diseases have to move between hosts to spread. Understanding this theory led to better sanitation when lower deaths due to disease.

Chemoreceptors

Sensory neurons that are stimulated by particular molecules. These neurons are connected to the sense of taste and smell in humans.

Autonomic Nervous System

This part of the human nervous system is responsible for controlling involuntary body functions, such as salivation, breathing, sweating and digestion.

Smooth Muscle Cells

These muscle cells are involuntary and appear throughout the human body, with the exception of the heart. They have no striations.

Definition of Tissues

These cells work together in the same structure while performing the same function in an organism.

Cartilage

This connective tissue provides padding to bones as well as support for our noses and ears.

Bones

A type of connective tissue that gives humans their shape and form.

Acquired Immunity

A type of immunity that occurs when we experience an illness, such as measles, and develop an immune response to it that prevents us from succumbing to the pathogen if we encounter it again.

The role of the esophagus in digestion

This portion of your digestive tract connects your pharynx to your stomach. Blocking this will prevent food from continuing on in the digestive process.

Systemic Circuit

This portion of the circulatory system is responsible for carrying blood through the body and returning the blood to the heart. It delivers nutrients and oxygen and carries waste away.

Body Parts in the Human Excretory System

Liver Renal tubules Urethra

Brainstem

A section of your brain that sits on the top of the spinal cord. It controls autonomic functions such as your heartrate and breathing.

How sodium affects neurons

The ion sodium starts the process of cell depolarization by entering a cell. Depolarization allows neurons to pass signals.

The process for the oxygenation of blood in the lungs

Oxygen dissolves within the alveoli before diffusing first through the cell wall and then into our blood.

The role of villi in digestion

These structures line folds in the small intestine, increasing surface area and allowing for more efficient absorption of nutrients.

Circulatory System

This body system is responsible for moving blood through the human body, thereby delivering oxygen and other nutrients to our cells. It includes the heart and blood vessels.

Live Attenuated Vaccines

These vaccines use living viruses that are still infectious in the vaccine, typically using a less dangerous version of the disease. The smallpox vaccine is an example of this.

Osteocytes

These cells are involved in the process of bone formation. They are capable of secreting calcium phosphate which can harden bones.

Duodenum

This is the part of the small intestine closest to the stomach. It contains enzymes that activate other digestive enzymes to further break down the food you ate.

Thalamus

The part of the human brain that receives and transfers sensory input. It is located close to the brainstem.

Reticular Formation

These nerve cells are located in the human brain in the thalamus and brainstem. They also connect to the spinal cord. They pass on sensory information involving hunger and the need to sleep.