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Polytheistic- Hinduism Terms
Millions of gods to worship
Jews and Christians believe in one god
Dharma- Hinduism Terms
A Hindu needs to do certain jobs and has duties you need to compete
Your responsibilities to contribute to society
Karma- Hinduism Terms
What you put into the world comes back to you
Karma affects reincarnation placement
Interactions with others in your daily life
Moksha- Hinduism Terms
When you die the Atman will be reincarnated multiple times until you reach the ultimate goal Moksha
Brahman- is your universal Soul
The ultimate goal of reincarnation is your ataman Brahman (universal soul)
The goal is that your atman will make its way up to Moksha
Moksha is when you escape the reincarnation cycle and your are reunited with your Brahman (universal soul)
Amritsar Date
April 13th, 1919
Golden Temple- Amritsar
Riots occurred in the Golden Temple which is in Amritsar
Sacred temple for Sikhs
Dyer
General Reginald Dyer orchestrated the massacre
He marches into the Garden and fires 1,650 bullets into an unarmed crowd
Dyer’s Justification (Meetings Ban)- Amritsar
The Indian people violated the “no meetings” rule
No meetings allowed
(law put in place)
Previous events- Amritsar
Events prior in the article
Anti-British riots in day leading up to the Amritsar massacre
The Indians had small uprisings/little bit of violence
Killing of 3 British soldiers
It made General Dyer jumpy
Results of Amritsar
More people joined the INC and All-Muslim League
Turning point for the INC, non-violent movement, independence
After all of those people died we saw a lot more movement
Destination- Salt March
Dandi
Date- Salt March
April 13th, 1930 (same day as Armiristar but 11 years after)
Reason- Salt March
Gandhi and his followers marched 200 miles to make salt
Was to protest the law against banning Indians
His Philosophy: They want to provoke a violent British response or, If we don’t cooperate economically British will just leave (not working)
Sepoy Rebellion of 1857: reasons
Sepoy is an Indian employed soldier by the British to fight against the Indians
The musket gunpowder packets were greased with cow fat (cows are sacred) and this caused the sepoys to revolt with the other Indians against the BEIC
Post-partition violence and migration
14 misplaced in the wrong countries
1 million dead as a result of the post-partition violence
Early European competition for India (all are true except)
These 3 nations were already there before the BEIC
Portugal
France
Netherlands
PNF
British relations with the Mughals
Early India was already owned by the Mughal Empire
The relationship was good at first as trading partners for 150 years
As the Mughals weakened, the company took over more land making the realtionship bad
So…
Pakistan’s role in Afghan war vs USSR
Trained/ gave weapons to the Mujahedeen to defeat the soviets
Afghans wins and Soviets lose and retreat
Zia’s Death
A mysterious plane crash/assassination?
Soft Targets (7)- 2008 Mumbai attacks
2 hotels
2 Hospitals
1 restaurant
1 Jewish center
1 train/ railway station
HHRJT
Execution- 2008 Mumbai attacks
Lashkar got there by hijacking a fishing boat and then arrived via rubber rafts
Group responsible- 2008 Mumbai attacks
Lashkar E-Taiba
Kashmir situation
3 wars in Kashmir
1 war over in Bangladesh (3rd in 1971)
Foundation of Conflict- Kashmir situation
A princely state that had a Hindu monarch, yet the majority of the population is Muslim
Creating conflict between who would receive Kashmir as theirs
1971 war and establishment of Bangladesh
Bengalis (East Pakistan) revolted against Pakistan in 1971 to form their own nation in Bangladesh
India supported Bengalis
As a result of the 1971 (3rd) war in East Pakistan Bangladesh was formed
UK WWII impact on decision to leave India (1947)
The toll WW2 had on the British factors into them leaving, as this had a large economic burden in debt
Couldn't afford to keep fighting the Indians as they were bankrupt
Khalistan- Indira Gandhi
The Skih’s wanted to form there own country in Khalistan
Her assassination- Indira Gandhi
Killed by Her Sikh bodyguards and was shot by them 33 times (more than 30 bullets) because of Operation Blue star
Operation Blue star- Indira Gandhi
Indira order Operation blue star to kill/ attack/ capture the Shik rebels involved in the Khalistan movement
Golden Temple- Indira Gandhi
The base of the Khalistan movement as they amassed weapons there
His assassination- Rajiv Gandhi
Assassinated by a explosive device being worn by a tamil women for his support of the Sri Lanka government(Bhudist) against the Tamil
If the Tamils win they might spark and uprsing in Inida and overthrow him
Purpose of violence/ rationale for his actions- Muhammad Gandhi
He wanted the British to revolt in a violent reaction
Strikes and boycotts send the message that governing over India isn’t worth it
He wanted to also provoke violent responses that would expose British brutality
By using non-cooperation being boycotting the British he hoped to convince the British the uselessness of trying to rule India
His assassination- Muhammad Gandhi
Killed by a Hindu nationalist because he was being too nice to the Muslim population
Was angered over Gandhi's stance on not partitioning India into Muslim/Hindu states
Modi and US ban
He was banned from entering the US for a time because he failed to stop the Anti-Muslim riots
US interests in India
The US sees India:
as a vital trade partner
a big new market
a needed ally on climate change
also an against China
Zia and execution of Bhutto
After the coup Zia orchestrated, they also led a trial to the hanging of Bhutto
Why?
US reaction to nuclearization of India and Pakistan
The US put sanctions on both India and Pakistan after their nuclear tests
Jinnah and his opinion on partition
He wanted to have one unified India at first but then after seeing the results of the election in 1930’s he thought the partition was necessary
Calcutta Killings of 1946
Hindus kill thousands of Muslim rioters in Calcutta
It was a clear partition needed to occur
Marked the end of one unified India
Cyril Radcliffe
The lawyer who drew up the map for India and Pakistan but did so very poorly
Lord Mounnabouten
The last British viceroy who oversaw the partition of India
Article 370- revoked and motivations
Took away Article 370 and that is biggest concern was to allow more Hindus to migrate into Kashmir to change the geography, to make him win more votes in future
Modi’s decision to revoke 370 paves the way for unrestricted Hindu migration to Kashmir to try to level the population
Taking away the semi-autonomous caused status in Kashmir causing so much chaos and anger among Muslims
He says that its to have less terrorists. and separatism but in relaity he just wnated to have more Hindus them muslims in the fueature
Which do I need to know?
Modi and CAA
Everybody has a pathway to citizenship except the Muslims
Raised fears among Muslims b/c it allows a path to citizenship if you have lived in India for 11 years
If you can prove you have come from Pakistan, Afghanistan, or Bangladesh it way only 6 years
He is adding to the tension between Muslims and Hindus
This act resulted in the stripping of many Indian Muslims citizenship by designating them as foreigners
Modi and Gujarat riots
He was banned form using the US because he failed to stop the anti-Muslim riots
Modi as Hindu Nationalist
The best description of him is a Hindu nationalist
He believes India should be a Hindu state
Nehru/ Indira Gandhi in Cold War
Team non-aligned status between the US and Soviet Union Cold War
Which cold war?
Zias Islaminaazitons
He wanted to bring everything back to Muslim/Religious law back to Pakistan. It was one of Zia’s key things he had done in his 11 years
He brought back segregation in schools. Women and men could not go to the same school. imposes Sharia - islamic law
Executes: he hangs Zufikar ali- Butto who was the leader before after the coup
So Buhtto, then Zia?
Hinduism Article on Valmiki caste- know it all
More than 300 members of the caste have died working as sewer cleaners this past year
The manual scavenging performed by this caste has been outlawed since 1955 but it is still often practiced
Many women in this caste collect feces from holes in people’s homes
Cow Vigilante Article: What is happening?
Cow vigilantism is the activity of harming or killing a person who has slaughtered cattle
This practice is surging in India now
Muslims are typically the victims of this vigilantism
India Court decisions regarding gender/human rights- from article (all except)
The court has overturned a law which had criminalized adultery in India
The court ruled that the Hindu temples cannot ban women or men from praying in a temple no matter what circumstance (girls on their periods)
The court overturned a law which had criminalized homosexuality In India