Section A: Issues and debates in Psychology - Multiple-choice questions

Includes Gender bias; Cultural bias; Free will and determinism; The nature-nurture debate; Holism and reductionism; Idiographic and nomothetic approaches; Ethical implications of research studies and theory

‘When normal behaviour is judged from a male standard’ is a definition of:

Androcentrism

Which of the following refers to ignoring or minimising differences between the sexes?

Beta bias

Female equivalent of the fight or flight response:

Tend and befriend

According to Freud, females have a weaker:

Superego

Theories that suggest real and enduring differences between men and women may be displaying:

Alpha bias

‘Any underlying characteristic of human beings that is capable of being applied to all, despite the differences of experience and upbringing’ is a description of:

Universality

The idea that social norms and values can only be understood within a specific cultural context:

Cultural relativism

Critics have argued that Ainsworth’s ideal attachment type is an example of:

Imposed etic

A belief in the superiority of one’s own cultural group is best described as:

Ethnocentrism

Takano and Osaka found no evidence of:

The distinction between collectivism and individualism

The psychologist who drew distinction between emic and etic approaches is called:

Berry

In Arnett’s review, what percentage of participants were US undergraduates?

80%

Which of the following is not a form of determinism?

Humanistic

Which form of determinism was proposed by William James and underpins the cognitive approach?

Soft determinism

Which perspective is most in opposition to the legal principle of moral responsibility?

Hard determinism

Free will is a principle at the heart of which approach?

Humanistic

Which form of determinism is most associated with Sigmund Freud?

Psychic

An alternative term for determinism is:

Fatalism

The nature-nurture debate is sometimes referred to as:

Heredity vs environment

Which of the following would be most closely associated with a nativist approach in the nature-nurture debate?

The biological approach

Concordance rates are used to estimate the extent to which a given trait is:

Heritable

The philosopher John Locke was best described as:

An empiricist

An example of an interactionist approach to the nature-nurture debate is:

The diathesis-stress model

If an adopted child had more in common with its adoptive parents, this would suggest:

Environmental is influential

A reductionist approach would have difficulty explaining which of the following?

Explanations of conformity

Stimulus-response learning is a good example of:

Environmental reductionism

Which of the following explanations of OCD would illustrate the neurochemical level?

Underproduction of serotonin

According to the hierarchy of science, which of these is the most reductionist?

Physics

Reductionism is based on the scientific principle of:

Parsimony

Which of the following advocates a holistic view of human behaviour?

The humanistic approach

Which of the following would be most closely associated with the nomothetic approach?

Quantitative data

Which of the following would not be associated with the nomothetic approach?

The humanistic approach

Which of the following would be associated with the idiographic approach?

Describing unusual individuals in detail

Which of the following is the best example of the idiographic approach?

Freud’s study of Little Hans

The idiographic approach is likely to produce:

Qualitative data

Idiographic is derived from the Greek ‘idios’ which means:

Private and personal

Research that may have consequences for those studied is referred to as:

Socially sensitive

A stage of research that may have ethical implications:

All of these

Kitzinger and Coyle suggested that research concerning ___________ relationships result in a heterosexual bias:

Alternative

Categorised as a sociopathic personality disorder until 1973:

Homosexuality

Researcher accused of using fraudulent data in his research on intelligence:

Burt

When researchers are ‘up front’ about their biases and preconceptions:

Reflexivity