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Basic Schedules are
response DEPENDENT schedules AND response INDEPENDENT schedules
Response Dependent schedules
Fixed Ratio
Variable Ratio
Fixed Interval
Variable Interval
response independent schedules
Fixed time and Variable time
fixed ratio
Number of responses required for reinforcement is constant
Variable Ratio
A changing number of responses is required for reinforcement.
Fixed Interval
First response after constant time interval has expired is reinforced.
Variable Interval
First response after variable time interval has expired will be
Fixed time
after a fixed amount of time, a consequence is delivered regardless of responding
Variable time
after an average amount of time, a consequence is delivered regardless of responding
Differential Reinforcement
reinforcement of some responses but not others
Reinforcement may depend on…
intensive, temporal, topographical, or other properties of the responses.
Differential schedules based on the temporal location of responses:
Differential reinforcement of Low Rates (DRL)
You want low rates
Differential reinforcement of High Rates (DRH)
You want high rates
DRL stands for…
Differential Reinforcement of Low Rates
what is DRL
a response is reinforced only if it is preceded by a minimum time without a response
Sounds like FI, except if a response occurs before the specified time expires, the interval is reset.
This procedure is used to slow down responses.
Have to wait a certain amount of time until you can respond. If you respond before your wait time has finished you have to restart
Application
DRL schedules are used to slow rapid eating.
DRL 5 s
the first peck that occurs after the passage of 5 s is reinforced.
DRH stands for…
Differential Reinforcement of High Rates
what is DRH
a response is reinforced only if it occurs before the specified time interval since the previous response expires
Used when a desirable behavior is occurring, but is not frequent enough (want shorter IRTs).
A response occurs before the reinforcement, and it is then reinforced, if the response is reinforced after the time interval it will not occur as frequently and you won't earn an actual reinforcement because you missed the time interval
Application
Use DRH to speed up the frequency of completing math problems.
DRH 10 s
Lever pressing is reinforced only if a lever press occurs less than 10 s since the last lever press.
Multiple Schedules (Multi)
two of more basic schedules (components) alternate, each during a different stimulus
Schedules may alternate after a reinforcer is earned
Or may alternate based on time
All schedules are presented on the same manipulandum
Constantly in a loop
After they complete EACH
Advantages of Multiple Schedules
Can measure behavior under a variety of conditions
Show booths scalloped pattern (FI) and break-and-run pattern (FR)
Use this to test drug effects on different behavioral patterns
Drugs often have different effects based on patterns of behavior
Used strictly for experimental purposes
CAN be used on humans in an experimental context, but is not used in the applied world
Mixed Schedule (Mix)
two or more basic schedules (components) alternate, all with the same stimulus
Schedules may alternate after a reinforcer is earned
Or may alternate based on time
All schedules are presented on the same manipulandum
No signal change
Longer time for understanding and figuring out an experiment
Advantages of mixed schedules
Can measure behavior under a variety of conditions.
Show both scalloped pattern (FI) and break-and-run pattern (FR).
Test behavior under different conditions of reinforcement without using different stimuli.
Eliminates the possibility of color bias
The more time they spend on a mixed schedule, the more likely they are to figure it out
Chained Schedule (Chain)
reinforcement is delivered after successive completion of TWO OR MORE basic schedules (components)
Each schedule is associated with a different stimulus.
All schedules are presented on the same manipulandum.
Signal change
Reinforcement happens after ALL schedules are completed (at the end)
Advantages of chained schedule
Can measure behavior under a variety of conditions
Show both scalloped pattern (FI) and break-and-run pattern (FR).
Stimulus changes have some reinforcing effects.
The organism will work just to change the color.
Stimulus change is not as reinforcing as food.
Behavior that is further away from reinforcement (earlier components) is less resistant to EXT than behavior that is closer to reinforcement (later components).
the MOST POWERFUL because it's LAST
ORANGE (closest to red)
Tandem Schedule (tand)
reinforcement is delivered after successive completion of two or more basic schedules (components)
Each schedule is associated with the same stimulus
All schedules are presented on the same manipulandum
It takes the longest time
No signal change
Reinforcement only occurs at the end
The schedule changes
Advantages of tandem schedules
Can measure behavior under a variety of conditions
Show both scalloped pattern (FI) and break-and-run pattern (FR).
Responding is faster than under a chained schedule with the same basic schedules.
Test behavior under different conditions of reinforcement without using different stimuli.
Eliminates the possibility of color bias.
SR
reinforcement
Concurrent Schedule (conc)
two or more basic schedules are available simultaneously
Different schedules are usually presented on different manipulanda.
Different schedules may have different stimuli.
Provides organisms with choices
Allows us to ask questions about how organisms choose between different options and how those choices are affected by reinforcement variables.
Basic way to study choice
TWO SCHEDULES ARE PRESENTED AT THE SAME TIME
This contrasts with the other four because those one only have one schedule, THIS ONE IS CHOOSING ONE OR THE OTHER OF THE TWO SCHEDULES PRESENTED
TWO SCHEDULES ARE PRESENTED AT THE SAME TIME AND CHOOSING ONE OR BOTH
DRH
short times between responses
DRL
long times between responses
fixed time and variable time
independent response
SR-
negative reinforcement
SR+
positive reinforcement
S delta triangle
paired with extinction
SD
discriminative stimulus
intermittent
every few
continuous
every response is reinforced
all basic schedules are…
intermittent
extinction burst is a…
side effect
continuous are
easier to implement extinction
intermittent are
harder to implement extinction
exteroceptive stimuli is a…
signal
A — B — C
(consequence happens)
SD — lever press — reinforcement
A — B — C
(consequence doesn’t happen)
S DELTA — lever press — no reinforcement occurs
multiple (SR+ —> SR+)
CHANGE in signal (exteroceptive stimuli)
after EACH schedule is completed
chain (schedule —> SR+)
CHANGE in signal (exteroceptive stimuli)
after ALL schedules are completed
mixed (SR+ —> SR+)
NO signal change
after EACH schedule is completed
tandem (schedule —> SR+)
NO signal change
after ALL schedules are completed