Archaeology Exam 2

Levante

Region for out of africa migration.

Fertile Crescent

Middle and upper paleolithic established. earliest invention of neolithic transition irrigation wheels writing and cities

Fertile crescent ag.

shift to agriculture in epipaleolithic 20-10,000 bce

wild grains and cereals

mixed farming communities

Hilly flank hypothesis

particular suite of plants animals and environment that inevitably led to ag

Kebaran ( Ohalo site II)

20,000 bce

earliest evidence of shift to sedentary life styles

year round occupation

burials

broad diet

Kebaran ( artifacts)

Bladelets ( one side sharp one blunt)

ground stone technology

Nautifan

period of intensification

increased sedantism and larger settlements

important site: abu hureyra syria

Natufian ( artifacts)

Bladelets become smaller and more specialized

ground stone mortar and pestle

broad spectrum diet

domesticated dogs

trade

Aceramic neolithic ( 9600-6900)

much larger settlements

more organized

increase in food production

jericho site largest settlemnet

Aceramic neolithic part 2

Projectile points w standardization

hunting and increase in interpersonal violence

transegalitarian and segmentary societies

increased social stratification

Catalhoyuk

extremely large

coalescent village

aceramic to ceramic period

used baskets some clay but no pottery firing

egalitarian

farming + herding

increased symbolism

Halaf period ( calcolithic age)

6000-5400 bce

Invention of irrigation technology

draft animals

increased ag.

pop growth + settlements

dairy products

Ubaid period ( copper age)

5900-4200

Refined irrigation

cultivation of cereals

paintes pottery

large cities begin to appear

Eridu

S. iran

temple grows w religion

religious leaders become civic leaders

polytheism

Uruk period

modern iraq

cities are norm

religion and temples important

social stratification

Uruk ( city)

Worlds first city

segments of city for housing production and religion/politics

by 3100 bce controls large parts of Mesopotamia

Sumerian city states

lower Mesopotamia

each ruled by aking

separation of religious and secular

interregional trade

agriculture

specialized work force

Akkadian Empire

2400-2300 bce

originally located in north mesopatamia

Yellow river ( enviro)

Drier climate

millet

8000 BCE transition to farming

Yangtzi River

warmer and moist

frequent monsoons

pleistocene hunter gatherers w wild rice

Yellow river neolithic

9000-5000bce

millet farming communities

grinding stones to process plants

high degree of sedetaim

subterranean houses

storage pits

formal cemeteries

stone spade, sickles

Dawenkou culture

eastern china

increase in pop social hierarchy

craft specilaitation

Diatonghuan cave

long sequence of deposits records slow transition to farming

analysis of phytoliths

Yangtzi river neolithic

rice domestication leads to sedentary villages

cattle pigs

defensive ditches

formal cemeteries

raised houses

hunting and collecting

pottery

clay tempered w rice grains and husks

Daxi culture ( 4500-3300)

chengtoushan walled city

social herchy seen in burials

swampy terrain

pottery

rectangular multi room homes

Songze culture

social stratification

fromal cemarites

high end grave goods

migration of farmers dialcxes hunter gatherer and establishes ag

States ( characteristics )

dense and wide pop

occupational specilty

taxation

monuments

ruling class

writing

sciences

sphosicated art

long dis. trade

urban planning

Liangzhou

successive occupation

large fortified cities

silk weaving

basketry

laquerware

jade

mortuary platforms

wooden coffin

elaborate burials

Xia dynasty

1st dynasty china

leinegae of kings

palaces ( seperate buildings, enclosing walls, specialist workshops)

eritous site

Eritou site

major city

741 acres

4X occupied

Jomon

hunter gatherers known for ceramic cord style pottery

developed permanent settlements

complex materail culture

End of ice age

10,000 bce climate warms

sea levels rise

increased rain

gulf stream w warm air

grasslands contact and forest expand

megafauna extinction

younger dryas

brief return to ice age conditions

9,0000-11,000

Mesolithic ( europe )

follows upper paleolithic by 10,000 bce

Neoliithic

se europe 6500 bce

cen europe 6-5500 bce

w. europe 5,500-5000

Central europe mesolithic

small semi sedentary villages along river beds

broad diet w focus on fish

carved fish sculptures

Farmers emergence

6000 bce

SW. asian farmers bring ag.

plants and animals

cultural diffusion and adaptation