Module 9 quiz questions

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What is the best definition of virulence factors in bacterial infections?

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1

What is the best definition of virulence factors in bacterial infections?

Molecules produced or strategies employed by disease-causing bacteria to infect and survive in the host

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2

Which phase of the bacterial growth curve is characterized by the upregulation of genes encoding toxins and degradative enzymes?

Stationary phase

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3

What is the purpose of adhesins in bacterial infection?

To mediate the attachment of the bacterium to the host and promote a close association with host cells

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4

What is the role of siderophores in bacterial survival?

To transfer lactoferrin and other iron-binding proteins

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5

What is the primary component of the matrix in biofilms?

Polysaccharides

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6

What stain or dye is commonly used to visualize biofilm formation?

Crystal violet

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7

What is the role of defensins in antimicrobial activity?

Depolarization of bacterial cell membranes

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8

How do capsules contribute to bacterial resistance against antimicrobial peptides (AMPs)?

They limit the diffusion of AMPs

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9

What are siderophores?

Low molecular weight proteins that have a high affinity for iron

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10

Which type of pili in Salmonella Typhimurium is involved in the formation of aggregates and biofilms?

Type 5 pili (curli pili)

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11

When a host cell ingests bacteria, the bacteria become enclosed in a membrane-bound compartment called a:

Phagosome

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12

One method pathogens use to evade the complement system and phagocytosis is by producing:

Capsules

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13

Why are encapsulated bacteria not necessarily serum-resistant?

Proteins can diffuse through the loose network of the capsules

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14

How do bacteria mimic host polysaccharides?

By producing capsules

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15

What is the function of glycosylation in bacterial pili?

It masks the antigenic sites of pili

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16

What advantage do encapsulated bacteria gain by preventing C3bBb formation on their surfaces?

Reduced formation of the membrane attack complex (MAC)

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17

What is the role of modified LPS in immune mimicry?

It allows the pathogen to evade detection by the host immune system

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18

What are the two categories of bacterial invasion pathways?

ā€œZipperā€ and ā€œtriggerā€

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19

What are invasins?

Bacterial surface proteins

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20

What is the purpose of escaping the phagosome?

To avoid the hostile environment of the lysosome

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21

What is the effective host defense against bacteria that escape from the phagosome?

Cytotoxic T cell response or natural killer (NK) cell response

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22

What is the function of ActA in Listeria monocytogenes?

To recruit actin and form comet tails

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23

Which bacterial species exhibit actin-based motility similar to Listeria?

Shigella flexneri and Rickettsia spp.

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24

What are the two distinct developmental forms of Chlamydia bacteria?

Elementary body (EB) and reticulate body (RB)

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25

What are the two developmental forms of Coxiella burnetii?

Small-cell variant (SCV) and large-cell variant (LCV)

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26

How does Legionella pneumophila evade fusion with the lysosome within host cells?

By inhibiting lysosomal fusion

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27

How does Salmonella Typhimurium evade the host immune response and replicate inside host cells?

By preventing phagolysosomal maturation; by forming unique Salmonella-containing vacuoles; By triggering actin rearrangements in host cells; By delivering effectors that establish a growth-conducive environment

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28

How does Brucella evade acidic conditions within the phagolysosome?

By residing within membrane-bound vacuoles that do not fuse with lysosomes

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29

What are two enzymes produced by bacteria to neutralize reactive oxygen species?

Catalase and superoxide dismutase (SoD)

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30

What are the two main species of Salmonella?

Salmonella enterica and Salmonella bongori

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31

What are the two major types of Salmonella infections?

Nontyphoidal salmonellosis and enteric fever

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32

What does the "O" antigen of Salmonella refer to?

oligosaccharides found on the lipopolysaccharides

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33

Which antigen is associated with flagellar proteins in Salmonella?

H antigen

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34

Why is the Vi capsular polysaccharide vaccine not effective against non-typhoidal strains of Salmonella?

Non-typhoidal strains lack the Vi antigen

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35

When are antibiotics typically prescribed for salmonellosis?

In high-risk individuals or specific Salmonella strains

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36

What is the relationship between the genomic repertoire of Salmonella and the severity of the disease it causes?

The more diverse the genomic repertoire, the milder the disease

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37

What is a potential complication of gastroenteritis cause by Salmonella?

Reiterā€™s syndrome

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38

What is the incubation period of enteric fever caused by Salmonella?

10 to 14 days

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39

Which component of Salmonella's lipopolysaccharide (LPS) is responsible for anchoring LPS to the outer membrane?

Lipid A

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40

Flagella in Salmonella are responsible for:

Facilitating motility and chemotaxis

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41

What is the unique feature possessed by S. Typhi, the causative agent of typhoid fever?

Vi antigen

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42

What is the main function of the SPI-1 TTSS during the early stages of infection?

Facilitating reorganization of the host cell structure

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43

What is the purpose of the acid tolerance response in Salmonella?

Overcome acidic pH levels in the stomach

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44
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