Athletic Training 2 Exam 1

What are the 5 Cardinal Signs of Inflammation?

Redness, Swelling, Heat, Pain, and Loss of function

What is a Primary Injury?

Injury that results directly from stress imposed by a particular sport

What is a acute Injury?

A new or recent injury

What is a Chronic Injury?

An injury that is recurring or prolonged injury

What is the Acute Inflammatory process?

A short onset injury lasting up to 6 months often including exudate (swelling)

What is the Chronic Inflammatory process?

A injury that is long onset & duration that lasts longer than 6 months. Involves granulation tissues (scar tissue) and has increased connective tissue degeneration.

What causes a Chronic Injury?

Repeated microtrauma and overuse and Lack of proper care during the acute phase

What is a secondary Injury?

Damage that’s caused by imposed force but by effects of force

What is Myositis Ossificans?

When the muscle is inflamed and there is bone calcified in the muscle. Usually cause my a contusion or bruise.

EX: getting a bruise from getting hit by a baseball. The blood from the bruise hardens and forms a hard rock of bone in the muscle.

What is the vascular response that occurs in the first hour where there is  decreased blood flow to area allowing coagulation(blood clotting) . This is when its most important to ice!!!

Vasoconstriction

What is the vascular response that occurs in the second hour where there is increased blood flow, increased viscosity, increased blocking in circulation and increased swelling.

Vasodilation

What are examples of acute injury?

Lacerations, punctures, abrasions, strains, sprains

What are examples of a chronic injury?

Shoulder inpimgement, shin splints, patellar tendinitis, bursitis

What is an example of a secondary injury?

Secondary tendinitis, myositis ossificans

What is Trauma?

Injury produced by a internal or external force

What is Phagocytosis

the process of removing waste

ex; Replacing injured tissue/scar tissue with new tissue

What are the three phases of injury?

Repair, Regeneration, and Remodeling

Explain the Repair Phase of injury

occurs with removal of waste

1. Resolution – minimal tissue damage

2. Granulation tissue (scar tissue) – replaces damaged tissue but is less elastic so the less is better - Can complicate recovery!

Explain the regeneration phase of injury

This is where the restoration of destroyed tissue occurs. Includes phagocytosis and replacing injured tissue/scar tissue with new tissue

Explain the remodeling phase of injury

In this phase, we must balance synthesis (build up) and lysis (break down) of scar tissue. Care is needed as to when ROM is started:

1. Too early can extend healing time

2. Too late can delay healing and increase scar tissue formation

What are some therapeutic Modalities?

Cold/heat therapy, Ultrasound, and NMES(neuromuscular electrical stimulation)

What word would you use describe a grade 1 injury?

mild

What word would you use describe a grade 2 injury?

Moderate

What word would you use describe a grade 3 injury?

severe or significant

True or False: Therapeutic modalities are enough to heal you alone

False; they must be done together for healing. Therapeutic modalities aren’t enough alone

How long for an acute injury to you have to ice?

72 hrs

What are some examples of some Theraputic Exercises?

Isometrics, Proprioception (balance training), Full pain free ROM, muscle strengthening and flexibility, and sport specific exercises

What are the three criteria that must be completed before returning back to sports?

passing a functional exam, 90% strength compared to the uninjured side, and pain free ROM

What are Nociceptors?

These free nerve endings that detects pain located all throughout the body. These are sensitive to thermal, chemical, and mechanical energy.

What are the signs of a Cutaneous injury?

involves the skin, feels sharp or burns

What are the signs of a Deep Somatic injury?

An aching feeling. This involves the tendons, muscles, joint, blood vessels, and or periosteum

What are the signs of an internal organ injury?

The pain is diffused then becomes localized. (starts widespread then becomes local to the actual injured area)

What is a Psychogenic injury?

This is a emotional NOT Physical injury

What is Referred Pain?

occurs away from the site of injury (ex: flat feet cause low back pain); This is why it is important to evaluate above and below the injury site!!!!!

What is a Dermatomes?

Skin sensations. This is an area of skin that is supplied by 1 nerve root. Deep pain may originate from here. You can do sharp and dull test to evaluate this.

What is the Assessment when discussing pain sensitivity?

how the patient rates pain (0-10)

How do u describe Treatment for pain sensitivity?

how treatment affects pain scale; primarily concerned with acute pain

how is the treatment of pain done?

Heat to increases blood circulation, decrease pain (vasodilation)

Cold to decrease swelling and muscle spasm (vasoconstriction)

Pharmacology-NSAID’s, Pain Killers, etc.

What consists of the Primary Survey in the patient assessment pyramid?

The ABCs(airway, breathing, and circulation) and any life- threatening injuries like severe bleeding or fractures.

What consists of the Secondary Survey in the patient assessment pyramid?

This is where you do SOAP notes and a more detailed patient eval like doing vital signs, skin color, bp, etc. this is when u take a history

What consists of phase 3 in the patient assessment pyramid?

A head to toe examination which is a detailed and specific version of the secondary survey

What is Load and GO vs Stay and Play?

Load and go is a life threatening so they need to be transported to a hospital. Stay and play is when they are okay enough to stay and continue to compete.

What is the technique that is used to check the ABCs

Look, listen, and feel

What are the ABCs?

Airway, Breathing, and Circulation

When checking someone’s level of Consciousness, what are the AVPU?

are they Awake and alert, are they Responsive to verbal cues, are they Responsive to pain, are they Unresponsive

If a patient is unconscious what do you do?

Call 911 or the local emergency number