Rise of Secular Society and its Critics

Flashcards about the rise of secular society and its critics. Includes divorce rates, church attendance, evolution.

Around 1902, what percentage of Catholics attended church?

50%

Around 1902, what percentage of Methodists attended church?

51%

Around 1902, what percentage of Presbyterians attended church?

33%

Around 1902, what percentage of Episcopalians attended church?

28%

Around 1902, what percentage of Lutherans attended church?

5%

According to Nelson (1991), what percentage of Chicago's residents were neither church members nor professed religious affiliation in 1890?

43%

In which region of the US was a marked non-attendance in church noted?

The West

What did Josiah Strong write would be in peril unless the Christless masses of our cities are Christianized?

Home Missionary

Name 5 vices commonly seen in cities.

Cigarette smoking, disorderly houses, gaming, liquor, lotteries.

What was the ratio of divorces in 1880?

1/21

What was the ratio of divorces in 1890?

1/12

What was the ratio of divorces in 1924?

1/7

Between what years did US courts grant over 328,000 divorces?

1867 to 1886

Between what years did US courts grant over 945,000 divorces?

1886 to 1906

What appears to be a discernible cause of divorce, especially between 1867 and 1906?

Cruelty of husbands to wives

According to May (1980), what factor was a legal ground for divorces in LA during the 1880s?

Habitual intemperance

What did some churches attack because they believed it destroyed the family, which was the foundation of society and civilization?

Divorce

What type of individualism did most opponents of divorce argue that it led to?

Dangerous

What did Francis Peabody claim divorce was a force of?

Self- interested individualism.

Who called for easier divorce laws as a way of protecting women from their husbands?

Editor Benjamin Flower

What did some of the early associations like the American Sociological Association endorse by 1908?

Divorce

What was the complaint from Marcus Gilman from LA about his wife, Lulu?

She went out unchaperoned to parties and dances, causing a public scandal.

By the 1920s, what did May (1980) find husbands were dissatisfied with their wives about?

Looks or the aging process

What was a common complaint of wives against their husbands in divorce cases in LA by the 1920s?

Drinking and gambling

What was emblematic of Edith Zerbe, who wanted to live in a large city?

The country was too slow for her

What percentage of people surveyed admitted to pre-marital sex before 1900?

14%

What percentage of people surveyed admitted to pre-marital sex after 1900?

35%

Among women born btw 1890 and 1900, what percentage were virgins at the time of wedding?

74%

Among women born after 1910, what percentage admitted to being a virgin?

31%

Who could upper classes be influenced by that served to erode the conservative Victorian attitude toward sex?

Sigmund Freud

By the 1920s, what was spreading to more members of society?

Acceptance of sexual pleasure

In what book can you think of to represent secularization in the 1920s?

The Great Gatsby

At which university did student sentiment against mandatory worship grow during the early 1920s?

Yale University

By what year was compulsory attendance at chapel was scrapped & ‘vigor of Christian life in the university’ was lost at Yale?

The end

What percentage of Notre Dame students self- identified as frequent communicants in 1925?

86%

What did Catholic high schools require that included a blue jumper, which ideally fell 3” below the knee, worn over a white blouse?

Uniforms

What did Dwyer-McNulty (2003) claims that the uniforms encouraged, in addition to womanly modesty?

An identity of ‘dexualized youthfulness.’

What did Bishop Dunne of Peoria compare to ‘The jazzing, cigarette-smoking, turkey-trotting flapper with her vanity box of powder puff and war paint …’?

A roar of grief

Who claimed that study of different religious texts had to be done with the spirit of impartiality?

Philologist Max Müller

In what way did Müller believe sacred scriptures could be studied?

Scientifically

What did Higher Criticism of the Bible apply to the scriptures?

Hermeneutical principles from the study of secular texts

Who fiercly opposed modern secular trends?

Protestant Fundamentalists

What did Fundamentalists found in 1908?

B.I.O.L.A.

What did Fundamentalists produce between 1910-15?

The Fundamentals

What was the confrontation of Fundamentalists and modernists especially marked on?

The subject of Darwinian Evolution.

By the 1920s, how many state legislatures were debating anti-evolution laws?

More than 20

In which states was the teaching of evolution banned in public schools?

TN, MS, and AK

What trial did this anti-evolution momentum come to a head in in 1925?

Scopes Trial

What was John T. Scopes cited for breaking?

The Butler Act

Who defended Scopes?

Clarence Darrow of the ACLU

What was the decision in the Scopes Trial?

Against Darrow

What did Catholic Journalist Michael Williams wish to approach on its own ground?

Science

Which Catholic was the only Catholic to join the ACLU’s national board, which led the defense in the Scopes Trial?

John Ryan, professor of moral theology and political science at Catholic U.

What magazine took so progressive of a stance on evolution that many non-Catholics read it?

Commonweal magazine

Who wrote technical and popular tomes in support of evolution, such as Henri de Dorlodot and Erich Wasmann?

Several European priest- scientists

How did modernism make few inroads among black clergy of the South?

Darwinian Evolution

How many urban black ministers and rural counterparts were either college or seminary graduates as of the mid-1920s?

Barely 38% and 17%

What did E.B. White claim evolution was?

An old scheme of the devil’ to deny all of Genesis.

What was the homily titled that James S. Hatcher, from AME church, delivered?

‘The Sun Do Move and the Earth has corners.’

What publication placed the earth at the center of the finite universe?

Bible-Science Newsletter

Which amendment persisted in trying to change the culture through legislation?

18th Amendment to the Constitution

What did the typical middle class Protestant not drink much of, except maybe wine?

Alcohol

What part of other illicit practices like prostitution, gambling, police corruption, and crime?

The saloon

What did 'success in a modern, mechanical age' require, according to McGirr (2016)?

‘Self-discipline, self-control, and respectability.’

According to McGirr (2016), what did prohibition sentiment draw strength from?

Powerful currents in evangelical circles that viewed intoxicating liquor as a moral evil

What League was illustrative of American temperance?

The Anti-Saloon League

Why were saloons that catered to blacks particularly menacing?

Prohibitionists warned that these saloons posed a deadly menace, threatening the safety of women, of children, and of the home

What did one Georgia reformer declare dance halls and colored only saloons were?

Veritable centers of vice, schools of iniquity, and hot-beds of crime.

What amendment prohibited the manufacturing, selling, importing, or transporting of ‘intoxicating liquors.’?

18th Amendment

What did the Act do was create a large black market for alcohol, symbolized by stills and speakeasies in basements?

Prohibition

In the period 1911-14, how many gallons of pure alchohol was ingested per person?

1.69 gallons

Under wartime restrictions, 1918-19, how many gallons of pure alchohol was ingested per person?

.97 gallons

In 1921-22, how many gallons of pure alchohol was ingested per person?

.73 gallons

By the end of the 1920s, how many gallons of pure alchohol was ingested per person?

1.14 gallons

What unsavory groups did Prohibition also draw?

Like the Anti-Saloon League and the Ku Klux Klan.

What did an editor in the Indiana Klan newspaper, Fiery Cross, write about the Klan?

‘The father and mother of the Ku Klux is the Anti-Saloon League. I would not say every Anti-Saloon Leaguer is a Ku Kluxer, but every Ku Kluxer is an Anti-Saloon Leaguer.’

In which regions was the Klan growing tremendously during 1922-24?

Particularly in the Midwest, the Southwest, and in the West.