Unit 1.1 - 1.3

Everything about 1.1 and 1.3 (Literally)

How did the First Americans reach the Americas before 1492?

They crossed via the Bering Strait land bridge from Asia.

Name key features of Meso-American Tribes.

Irrigation and water storage; written language (hieroglyphics); elaborate culture with systems of government and social classes; advances in science and mathematics.

Which region’s Native Americans combined fishing and farming as their subsistence pattern?

Northeast Native Americans.

What was the Plains Indians' primary lifestyle pattern?

Nomadic hunting due to the arid plains; also maize, beans, and squash.

What irrigation-based developments did Southwest Native Americans (Anasazi) create?

Irrigation canals to grow crops; creation of pueblos and cliff dwellings.

Where were Pueblo Indians located and what did they build?

Arizona and New Mexico; built pueblos and cliff dwellings to live in and defend against the environment.

How were Northeast Native Americans organized?

Into small clans ruled by a chief (clan elder); hunting and gathering with some permanent settlements; men hunted, women farmed.

What was the Plains Indians’ lifestyle and diet?

Nomadic; hunting provided food and supplies; also maize, beans, and squash.

What was a positive effect of European contact for Native Americans?

Introduction of horses.

What were major negative effects of European colonization on Native Americans?

Tribes were conquered; diseases wiped out large populations; some were pressured to adapt to settlers and became dependent on fur traders.

Name two similarities between Native Americans and European settlers.

Lived in village communities; shared spirituality; labor divided by gender; depended on agricultural economies.

What is the Columbian Exchange?

The transfer of goods, ideas, and diseases across the Atlantic between the Americas, Europe, Africa, and Asia.

What were the impacts of the Columbian Exchange on the Americas?

Diseases decimated Native populations; introduction of livestock and guns changed hunting and warfare.

What were the impacts of the Columbian Exchange on Europe?

New crops like potatoes and maize increased population and wealth, fueling capitalism and the decline of feudalism.

What effects did the introduction of horses have on Native American life after European contact?

Increased mobility and effectiveness in hunting and warfare (horse culture).

How did the first Americans come to America?

Bering Strait

Pueblo Indians also are called

Anasazi

What tribe was in the Pacific Northwest?

Chinook Tribe

What did the Southwest Natives grow?

Maize and Beans

What did the Plains Indians grow?

Maize, Beans, and squash

What were the Plain Indians also?

Nomadic

In the Columbian Exchange, what crops were introduced from Europe, to America?

Onions and bananas

In the Columbian Exchange, what crops were introduced from America to Europe?

Potatoes, and Tomatoes.

What are the Reasons of European Exploration?

Wealth, Power, status, and spread of Christianity.

What are the 3 G's?

Gold, Glory, God

What are the 4 improvements of Technology?

Gunpowder, Compass, Map making, Ship building

Who wanted to convert many Natives, and control from the Crown?

Spanish Colonials

Mixed Spanish and Native ancestry

Mestizo

Mixed Spanish and African ancestry

Mullato

What is the Encomienda system?

An exploit towards the natives, and to convert natives to Christianity, which lead to then replacing it by african slave labor

Who was Juan de Sepulveda?

A Spanish person who thought the harsh treatment of Natives was Justified.

Who did Juan de Sepulveda argue with?

Bartolome de Las Casas

Who was Bartolome de Las Casas?

A Spanish person who argued better treatment for the Natives, while also leading the decline of the Encomienda system.

What is the Pueblo Revolt? (1680)

Pueblos that got rid of Spanish for 10 years. After Spanish has gained control, they were more accommodating towards Native Culture.

What is the first permanent settlement?

Jamestown

Where was Jamestown setup under?

A joinstock company called Virginia Company

What was the first democratically elected legislative body?

Virginia House of Burgesses

Who was John Smith?

An English man who established the Jamestown settlement. And had discipline.

What year was Jamestown established?

1607

What was John Smith’s words of discipline?

“He who will not work, shall not eat.”

Who was John Rolfe?

An English man who introduced trade and growth of tobacco.

Who had hostile relationships with the Natives? (Besides the Spanish)

The English

Who had send large amounts of men and women to focus on agriculture and to colonies?

England

What are the New England Colonies?

Massachusettes and Rhode Island

Who established the Plymouth Colony?

The Pilgrims

Who were the Pilgrims?

Puritans, but religious separatists

When was the Mayflower Compact made? (Year)

1620

What is the Mayflower Compact?

A document made by Pilgrims, being a self form government, while also setting in for Plymouth Massachusettes.

What is the Massachusetts Bay?

A colony that was founded by Puritans.

In the Massachusetts Bay, why did the Puritans establish it?

They wanted to reform the Anglican Church.

Who is John Winthrop?

An English man who had a phrase called “City upon a Hill”. Who also focused on agriculture and Commerce (Trade)

Who founded Rhode Island?

Roger Williams

Who was banned from Massachusetts Bay?

Roger Williams and Anne Hutchinson?

Why was Roger Williams and Anne Hutchinson both banned from Massachusetts Bay?

They had different views about religion. They were not “like-minded believers”

What are the Middle Colonies?

New Jersey, New York, Pennsylvania, and Delaware.

What were the Middle Colonies most diverse for?

Most diverse for Religion, ethnically, and demographically

Who founded the Middle Colonies?

William Penn, an English refuge for Quakers

What were the Middle Colonies like?

Liberal colonies that had no representative assembly and was just elected by land owners.

What colonies had the most religious freedom? (Not names)

The Middle Colonies

In the middle colonies, where did most/many of the immigrants come from?

Europe

How was the middle colonies Religiously Tolerant in Pennsylvania?

William Penn’s Holy experiment.

What are the Chesapeake Colonies?

Maryland and Virginia

What crop did Maryland and Virginia mainly focus on?

Tobacco

What is the Headright system?

For each indentured servant, they would have 50 acres paid passage for (before 1676)

What did the Maryland Act of Toleration do?

Granted religious freedom

What are the Southern Colonies?

Carolina and Georgia

Who mainly focused on rice and sugar?

South Carolina and the West Indies.

What made up most of the population of South Carolina and the west indies?

Slaves

For North Carolina, what did they have?

Small tobacco farms.

What was Georgia for?

A buffer colony that was to be against for outside threat.

What did the Caribbean grow?

Sugar cane

Who promoted mercantalism?

England

What is mercantilism?

An idea that existed for the benefit of the mother country. (England)

What is the Navigation Acts?

An act that allowed for colonies to trade only with England.

What were the effects of the Navigation Acts?

Better shipbuilding business, and lower prices for tobacco and other crops.

Who is James II?

An English man who wanted royal control over colonies by putting them together into larger units.

Why did the New England colonies combine?

To defend against potential threats.

What is the Peqout War? (1630)

The war where New England colonists kill the Peqout Tribe.

What is the New England Confederation? (1643)

Military alliance intended to defend the New England Colonies defeated by colonists.

What is King Philips/Metacom’s war? (1675-1676)

A war that was between Wampanoags and the colonists. Which the Wampanoags lost.

What was the result of King Philip's'/Metacom’s war?

The end of the Native Resistance to the New England Colonies

What is Bacon’s Rebellion? (1676)

A rebellion filled with small farmers.

What was the reason for Bacon’s Rebellion?

Small farmers were mad with the lack of land, lack of political power, and native attacks.

Who lead Bacon’s Rebellion?

Nathaniel Bacon

What was the impact of Bacon’s Rebellion?

Lead to transition to African slave labor.

What is the Halfway Convenant?

Where Puritans move towards economics and not an ideal society.

What did the Clergy propose in the Halfway covenant?

A half-way church membership.

What is a result of the halfway covenant?

People would become partial church members, if even they didn’t feel converted.

Who is Samuel de Champlain?

A French man who founded Quebec.

What year was Quebec founded?

1608

Most colonists were ____

men

Who had intermarriage?

France

Who had friendly relations with the natives?

The French and the Dutch.

For French colonies, what did they have for trade?

Fur trade.

What were the relations with Natives for the French?

Did not take a lot of land from Natives, and didn’t do much of slave trading or even had slaves.

Who is Henry Hudson?

An English man who worked for the Dutch East India Company, and reached New York.

Where did the Dutch Colonists establish trade posts in New York?

Manhattan and Albany

What did the Dutch colonies do?

Sent Europeans to settle and form alliances with intermarried Natives.

What did the Dutch Colony have for trade?

Fur Trade