all the cards i cqn think for second year

Behaviourism

which views learning as a change in behaviour resulting from responses to environmental stimuli and reinforcement.

Unconscious mind

Hides most of a persons impulses desires and thoughts

Percentile rank

used to compare the child tested to children of the same age. Goes from 1-99 with the mean being 50th percentile.

Superego

Wants to do the right things, morals

Ego

The voice of reason, negotiation.

ID

Strives for gratification and impulsiveness

Conscious mind

Ideas and emotions people are aware of

Preconscious mind

Stores information like memories

The WISC-IV

Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children is an interactive IQ test aimed for young children used to measure cognitive ability and problem-solving skills by using four main testing criteria

What are the four criteria for the WISC-4

Verbal Comprehension Index, (VCI) Perceptual Reasoning Index (PRI), Working Memory Index (WMI) and Processing Speed Index (PSI).

What’s the composite score

is the sum of individual test scores for each of the four groups

constructivism

which sees learners as active participants who construct knowledge through experience

cognitivism

which focuses on internal mental processes such as memory

connectionism

which explores how learning occurs through networks—both neural and digital—emphasising the role of technology and connectivity in modern education.

humanism

which emphasises personal growth

socialcultrual theory

which highlights the role of social interaction

CONDUCT DISORDER

A disorder characterised by aggression to people and animals

INATTENTION

The presentation characterised by difficulty sustaining attention and organising tasks

LIMITED PROSOCIAL EMOTIONS

A specifier added to conduct disorder

OPPOSITIONAnt DEFIANT disorder

A disorder characterised by an angry and irritable mood

HYPERACTIVITY IMPULSIVITY

The presentation characterised by fidgeting and a difficulty waiting for turn

EQUFINALITY

The principle outlining the diverse pathways to callus unemotinal traits

What does equifinality mean?

refers to the concept that there are multiple methods to achieve the same outcome.

What does equifinality indicate about organizational structures?

that various structures or combinations of variables can effectively meet the needs of an organization/ person.

neuropsychology

The study of relationships between the brain and behaviour

clinical neuropsychology

An applied branch focused on assessing and treating cognitive and behavioural effects of brain injury or disease

Main purposes of neuropsychological assessment

Diagnosis

hindbrain

Cerebellum (motor coordination)

midbrain

Tectum (visual/auditory reflexes)

thalamus

relay for sensory info

Hypothalamus

Homeostasis (hunger

Common Ingroup Identity Model

A model that reduces intergroup bias by emphasizing a shared overarching identity

prejudice

An unjustified

Stereotyping

A cognitive process involving overgeneralized beliefs about a group. Stereotypes aren't always negative—they can be accurate—but often lead to negative prejudgments.

Discrimination

Behavioral action based on prejudice—treating someone unfavorably because of their group membership.

Dual-Process Theory

Our explicit (conscious) beliefs may differ from our implicit (unconscious) biases. The latter can influence behavior subtly

Implicit Association Test (IAT)

A widely used tool that measures automatic biases by analyzing how quickly someone pairs concepts like "old vs. young" with "good vs. bad." Faster responses to stereotypical pairings indicate implicit associations.

How does discrimination differ from prejudice?

Discrimination is behavior resulting from prejudiced attitudes—it's acting on the bias.

What does dual-process theory explain in the context of bias?

That explicit attitudes differ from implicit (automatic) ones

implicit bias

Implicit bias refers to unconscious attitudes or stereotypes that affect our thinking

How does implicit bias differ from explicit bias

Implicit bias operates outside of conscious awareness

Racism

is when people are treated unfairly or viewed as less because of their race or ethnicity and can lead to harmful stereotypes

Doll experiment

where children are asked to nominate the attractiveness and morality of different coloured dolls

sexism

discrimination involve unequal treatment and attitudes toward individuals based on their gender

Ageism

Discrimination based on age

implicit bias training

a program designed to raise awareness of unconscious biases and stereotypes that influence judgments and behaviours

Executive Function

Higher-level thinking skills like planning

Working Memory

Short-term storage and processing system for active thinking.Short-term active storage and manipulation of information (~7±2 items).

Psychology

is the scientific investigation of

mental processes (thinking

remembering

and feeling) and behaviour. Understanding

a person requires attention to the individ-

ual's biology

psychological experience and

cultural context.

Biopsychology

examines the physical basis of psychological phenomena such as motivation

PET (Positron Emission Tomography)

a visual display of brain activity that detects where a radioactive form of glucose goes while the brain performs a given task

fMRI (Functional MRI)

Detects blood-oxygen changes reflecting neural activity

EEG (Electroencephalography)

the recording of brain activity by the detection of electrical activity in specific areas on the surface of the cortex by several surface electrodes placed on a person's scalp. Brain activity is recorded as waves

Primary Auditory Cortex

emporal lobe; sound frequency & intensity analysis.

Primary Visual Cortex

Occipital lobe; initial visual processing.

Primary Somatosensory Cortex

Parietal lobe strip; body map for touch and proprioception.

Primary Motor Cortex

Frontal lobe strip; voluntary movement.

Prefrontal Cortex

Executive functions: reasoning

Corpus Callosum

Large fibre bundle connecting left & right hemispheres for inter-hemispheric communication.

Cerebellum

Balance

Midbrain(Tectum & Tegmentum)

Reflexive eye and head movements

Pons

Sleep

Medulla Oblongata

Vital autonomic control (breathing

Basal Ganglia

Movement initiation

Hippocampus

Consolidation of new long-term memories

Amygdala

Emotional processing

Hypothalamus

White-matter tract linking Broca's and Wernicke's areas; enables repetition and fluent conversation.

Wernicke's Area

Posterior temporal; language comprehension; damage = fluent but meaningless speech.

Broca's Area

Frontal left hemisphere; speech production

Occipital Lobe

Primary visual cortex; processes colour

Temporal Lobe

Hearing

Parietal Lobe

Somatosensory processing (touch

Frontal Lobe

Planning

Adaptation

Behavioural or biological trait shaped by selection pressures to solve recurrent survival/reproduction problems.

Schema

Cognitive structure organising knowledge

Information Processing

Cognitive view that the mind encodes

Person-Centred Therapy

Carl Rogers' approach: empathy

Self-Concept vs Ideal Self

Humanistic distinction between how you see yourself and who you aspire to be.

Punishment

Any consequence that weakens or reduces likelihood of behaviour.

Reinforcement

Any consequence that strengthens behaviour (positive = add pleasant; negative = remove aversive).

Conditioning

Learned associations between stimuli and responses (classical) or between behaviour and its consequences (operant).

Defence Mechanisms

Unconscious strategies (e.g.

Empirical Approach

Reliance on systematic observation

Experimental Method

Manipulating independent variables

Case Study Method

Intensive

Introspection

Systematic self-report of conscious experience

Conscious vs Unconscious Processes

Extent to which people are aware of mental contents and behavioural causes.

Continuity vs Discontinuity (with other animals)

Are human psychological processes qualitatively different or just more complex?

Rationalism vs Empiricism

Whether knowledge is gained primarily by reasoning or by sensory experience.

Nature vs Nurture

Debate over the roles of biology and environment in shaping behaviour.

Psychodynamic Perspective

Behaviour reflects unconscious motives and conflicts; key figure: Sigmund Freud

Behaviourist Perspective

Behaviour is learned and controlled by environmental stimuli

Humanistic Perspective

Emphasises free will