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what is pathophysiology
the study of the abnormal physical and biochemical functioning of diseased organs or of what causes the disease
what is pathology
the physical macro and microscopic changes present in diseased organs and tissues
what is a disease
any abnormal condition of the body or mind that causes local or systemic discomfort, dysfunction, or distress to the affected person
what is included in the term ‘disease’
disabilities, syndromes, deviant behaviors, atypical variations of structure and function, and injuries due to deficiencies, intoxication (endogenous or exogenous) or trauma
what is the relationship between patho and the nursing practice
what is etiology
the cause of the disease
what is physiologic (probably physiologic adaptation)
cell may have enhanced function (adapted to enhance function)
what is pathologic (probably pathologic adaptation)
extreme adaptation to excessive functional demand (some issue causes the cell to need to work harder)
a patient has a heart attack that leads to progressive cell injury that causes cell death with severe cell swelling and breakdown of organelles. what “cellular adaptation” term would the nurse use to define this process
hypertrophy (specifically pathologic)
what is idiopathic etiology
when the etiology is unknown
what is sign vs. symptom
sign- a finding that can be observed objectively
symptom- a subjective experience reported by the patient
what is cellular adaptation
when cells adapt to their environment to prevent themselves from injury, once adapted they are neither normal nor inured
physiologic atrophy
decrease of shrinkage of cellular size due to normal processes such as aging or other developmental processes
pathologic atrophy
decrease or shrinkage of cellular size from a decrease in blood supply, pressure, nutrition, workload, hormonal stimulation, and nervous stimulation
physiologic hypertrophy
increase in cellular size (which leads to increase in organ size) due to increased demand (from normal causes)
pathologic hypertrophy
increased cellular size (which leads to increase in organ size) due to stress, injury, abnormal hormonal changes, or a pathogen
compensatory hyperplasia
increase in the number of cells (aka increased rate of cellular division) which enables an organ to regenerate
what is atrophy and what causes atrophy
decrease in cellular size; can be caused by a decrease in blood supply, pressure, nutrition, workload, use, workload, hormonal stimulation, and nervous stimulation (pathologic); can happen w early development (physiologic); cells contain less er, mitochondria, myofilaments; there is a decrease in protein synthesis and/or increased protein catabolism by proteosomes; leads to autophagic vacuoles
what is hypertrophy and when would it occur
an increase in cellular size (and therefor organ size); can be caused by increased accumulation of protein in cellular components, specific hormone stimulation, or increased functional demand; mechanical and trophic signals are triggers; physiologic in skeletal muscles is in response to heavy work; pathologic in the heart due to htn or problem valves
what is hyperplasia and in what type of cells it would occur
increase in the the number of cells (aka increased rate of cellular division); can be caused in response to prolonged or severe injury (which triggers dna synthesis and mitotic division), to regenerate, or from hormones (ex in estrogen dependent organs like the uterus or breasts)(physiologic); can be caused by excessive hormonal stimulation or growth factors (pathologic); only occurs in dividing cells
what is the key difference between hypertrophy and hyperplasia
hypertrophy is an increase in the individual cells size while hyperplasia is an increase in the number of cells
what is metaplasia and dysplasia
metaplasia- the reversible replacement of 1 mature cell with another (the original cells arent good enough to deal w the new environment so they change to another type that is)
dysplasia- abnormal change in the size, shape, and organization of mature cells
is metaplasia and dysplasia reversible
yes
a family presents to their primary care provider reporting headache, nausea, weakness, and vomiting. what type of poisoning/exposure would be the most likely explanation for these symptoms
carbon monoxide poisoning
what is cellular injury
when the cell cant maintain homeostasis
when the injury would be irreversible
when theres a lack of atp generation due to mitochondrial dysfunction or major disturbances/damage to membrane
explain the sequence of events if a mitochondrial membrane is damaged or if a plasma membrane is damaged
name some of the stimuli that cause an injury
what is hypoxic injury and how it results
what is the most common cause of hypoxia
a 55-year-old male has swelling of the feet. movement of which ion into the cell could aid the development of swelling
chloride movement out of the cell would affect which function of muscle
how could hypoxia lead to cellular injury
explain the consequence of decreased oxygen
what are free radicals
how free radicals could lead to cellular injury
why free radicals are of concern
which cell component(s) is/are the most vulnerable target of radiation
can the body rid itself of free radicals
explain chemical injury
name some of the agents that cause chemical injury and explain how they cause injury
what is hemosiderosis
how does carbon monoxide cause tissue damage
what is asphyxial injury and what are the causes of asphyxial injuries
what are the causes (generally) and consequences of infectious injuries
could your immune system cause an injury
a 55-year-old male is diagnosed with hepatocellular cancer secondary to hepatitis C. if the cancerous region of the liver were removed, the remaining cells would undergo what type of cellular adaptation
can nutritional imbalance cause injury
what is hypothermic and hyperthermic injury
a 55-year-old male with a 30-year history of smoking is examined for respiratory disturbance. examination of his airway reveals that stratified squamous epithelial cells have replaced the normal columnar ciliated cells. what term is used to describe this type of cellular adaptation
what two types of hearing loss are associated with noise
can you explain the consequences of hyperthermic injury
what is ionizing radiation
liver regeneration is what type of adaptation
what is the mechanism of damage of ionizing radiation
what is cellular accumulation
explain some consequences of cellular accumulation
what is necrosis
explain the steps in the process of necrosis
name the major types of necrosis and what they are associated with
what is apoptosis
what is aging and what theories explain aging
iron overload disorder resulting in the accumulation of hemosiderin is called
explain couple of aging theories in brief
a common pathway of irreversible cell injury involves increased intracellular level of which ion/electrolyte
can noise and/or vibration cause an injury
during childhood the thymus decreases in size and this is referred to as what type of cellular adaptation
what is the most common cause of cellular injury
a 15-year-old female presents to the ER following a physical assault. she has internal damage to the neck with deep bruising. x-ray reveals fractures of the hyoid bone and tracheal and cricoid cartilage. what is the most likely cause of her injuries
narrowing of the arteries due to arteriosclerosis would cause hypoxia or ischemia or both
when the heart’s workload increases, what changes occur to the myocardial cells
cellular self-destruction for elimination of unwanted cell populations or mutated cells is what type of progressive cell injury response
thymus gland changes during childhood is what type of adaptation
a deficiency of oxygen in any tissue is called
insufficient blood flow to a tissue typically resulting in metabolite accumulation and sometimes tissue death is called
changes in gonads as hormonal stimulation decreases is what type of adaptation
what is reperfusion injury
when planning care for a cardiac patient, the nurse knows that in response to an increased workload, cardiac myocardial cells will
a 40-year-old female is diagnosed with cervical cancer after a Pap smear. what is the most likely cellular changes would the nurse see on the report
a 75-year-old male presents with chest pain on exertion. the chest pain is most likely due to hypoxic injury. what is the most likely cause of this injury
a patient has a heart attack that leads to progressive cell injury that causes cell death with severe cell swelling and breakdown of organelles. what term would the nurse use to define this process
a 52-year-old male suffered a myocardial infarction secondary to atherosclerosis and ischemia. once oxygen returned to the damaged heart, reperfusion injury occurred. what caused this injury
following ischemia and hypoxic cellular injury, which cations would you expect to find in the injured cells
which organelle of the cell is responsible for production of most ROS during normal cell metabolism
what type of necrosis results from ischemia of neurons and glial cells
a reversible structural or functional response to both normal conditions or pathologic/adverse conditions is called
decrease in the size of cells is called
increase in cell size is called
increased number of cells is called
when a mature cell type is replaced by a different mature cell type, it is called
you read a report that in one of your patients muscular atrophy has occurred. you recall from your pathophysiology lecture that muscular atrophy involves a decrease in what
what type of progressive cell injury response is
atrophy, hypertrophy, hyperplasia, metaplasia
a 52-year-old male suffered a myocardial infarction secondary to atherosclerosis and ischemia. once oxygen returned to the damaged heart, what could cause reperfusion injury
common type of cell death with severe cell swelling and breakdown of organelles is what type of cell injury response
eating of self, cytoplasmic vesicles engulf cytoplasm and organelles recycling factory is what type of cell injury response
what is a syndrome
list some physical agents that cause injury
how does protein accumulation damage cells
what is a consequence of plasma membrane damage to the mitochondria
describe coagulative necrosis
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Flashcard (63)