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Prehistory
no paper or language or the written word, and hence no books or written documents
Was difficult to surmise until excavations began
Oldest Art forms practised by Human Beings
Painting and Drawing
Paleolithic
old stone
40,000- 10,000 BCE
used quartzite
Mesolithic
Middle Stone
10,000- 8000BCE
hunter gatherers
Neolithic
New Stone
8000- 4000 BCE
Why did prehistoric people draw?
may have drawn and painted to make their shelters more colourful and beautiful or to keep a visual record of their day-to-day life, like some of us who maintain a diary.
Upper Palaeolithic
quantity of art increased
Earliest reported painting in India
1st Discovery of Rock Paintings in India
1867-68 by Archibald Carlleyle in Sohagighat in Mirzapur, UP
12 years before discovery of Altamira in Spain
Cockburn, Anderson, Mitra and Ghosh
Early archaeologists who discovered sites in Indian subcontinent
Altamira Caves, Spain
districts where rock cave paintings have been found
Madhya Pradesh, Uttar Pradesh, Andhra Pradesh, Karnataka and Bihar.
Lakhudiyar Caves, Kumaon hills, Uttarakhand
Which colours were used in rock painting in Lakhudiyar
red white and black
famous cave sites
Kupgallu, Piklihal and Tekkalkota
Objects depicted in rock Cave Paintings
Bulls, elephants, sambhars,gazelles, sheep, goat, horses, stylised humans, tridents
Where are the richest rock cave paintings in India
Vindhya range in MP and Kaimurean extension in UP.
Has palaeolithic and mesolithic remains.
Bhimbetika
famous among the richest cave paintings
in Vindhya Hills, MP- 45 km from Bhopal
VS Wakankar
discovered Bhimbetika caves in 1957- 58
Bhi,betika cave paintings can be categorised into _ historical periods
7
Largest no of paintings in Bhimbetika are during this period
Period II- Mesolithic
Colours used in Bhimbetika
White, yellow, Orange , red ochre, purple, brown, green and black but most were white and red.
Made by grinding various rocks and minerals
Red Pigment
Made with Hamaetite known as geru in India
Green Pigment
green variety of stone called Chalcedony
White Pigment
most probably made with limestone
Pigment making procedure
Crushing rock or mineral into powder
adding water
thick or sticky substance like animal fat or gum or resin from trees.
Brushes were made from
plant fibre
How did rock cave paintings survive?
It is believed that the colours have remained intact because of the chemical reaction of the oxide present on the surface of the rocks
Hunting scenes predominate in Mesolithic paintings. This is one such scene where a group of people are shown hunting a bison. Some injured men are depicted lying scattered on the ground. These paintings show mastery in the skill of drawing these forms.
In this picture hand-linked figures in dancing mode are shown. In fact, this is a recurrent theme. It also recalls the dancing scene from the Lakhudiyar rock painting found in Uttarakhand.
many rock-art sites often a new painting is painted on top of an older painting. At Bhimbetka, in some places, there are as many as ____ layers of paintings, one on top of another.
20
Indus Valley Emerged
second half of 3rd millenium ( 3000- 2001 BCE)
2 major sites of Indus Valley Civilisation
he cities of Harappa in the north and Mohenjodaro in the south
Harappa and Mohenjodaro are located in
Pakistan
Indian excavated sites of Indus Valley Civilization
Lothal and Dholavira in Gujarat, Rakhigarhi in Haryana, Ropar in Punjab, Kalibangan in Rajasthan, etc.
Bust of a Bearded Priest found in the Indus Valley Civilization
Statues were made of ____, _____ and _____
Stone, Bronze and Terracotta
The art of bronze-casting was practised on a wide scale in
Harappa
Steps to lost wax technique in bronze casting
wax figures were first covered with a coating of clay and allowed to dry
wax was heated and the molten wax was drained out through a tiny hole made in the clay cover
filled with molten metal which took the original shape of the object
Once the metal cooled, the clay cover was completely removed
Dancing Girl bronze statue found in Indus Valley Civilization
Buffalo with Uplifted head bronze statue in Kalibangan
the copper bird and dog are from
Lothal
Metal casting in
Daimabad and Maharashtra during later Harrapan and Chalcolithic period
mother goddess
Most important Terracotta figure
Indus Valley Civilization
Terracotta figure
Indus Valley Civilization
Compared to the stone and bronze statues the terracotta representations of human form are crude in the Indus Valley. They are more realistic in _____ sites and _____.
Gujarat; Kalibangan
a few figurines of bearded males with coiled hair, their posture rigidly upright, legs slightly apart, and the arms parallel to the sides of the body. The repetition of this figure in exactly the same position would suggest that he was a _____
deity
Archaeologists have discovered thousands of seals, mostly made of_______, and occasionally of _______(5)
steatite
agate, chert, copper, faience and terracotta
The seals were made with beautiful figures of animals, such as
unicorn bull, rhinoceros, tiger, elephant, bison, goat, buffalo, etc.
. The standard Harappan seal was a square plaque______square inches, made from ______.
2×2
steatite
The purpose of producing seals was mainly _____
Commerical
Some seals have also been found in
ivory
Unicorn Seal
Indus Valley Civilization
Pashupati Seal/ female deity
about the pashupati/ female deity seal
a human figure seated cross-legged. An elephant and a tiger are depicted to the right side of the seated figure, while on the left a rhinoceros and a buffalo are seen. In addition to these animals two antelopes are shown below the seat. Seals such as these date from between 2500 and 1900 BCE and were found in considerable numbers
Burin
Intaglio
a printmaking technique that involves engraving an image into a printing plate. The incised lines hold ink, which is then transferred to paper to create a print
. The Indus Valley pottery consists chiefly of very fine ____wares, very few being hand-made
wheelmade