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humans descended from apes
false
individuals can evolve during their lifetime
false
evolution always takes thousands of years to cause change
false
evolution directs change towards a predetermined outcome (it is forward looking)
false
you are related to some degree, to plants
true
population
growth of individuals of same species that is separated by geography from other populations
evolution
change in characteristics of a population that typically occurs over a course of generations
microevolution
the same species but there are changes that lead to different traits in a population over time
ex: evolution of pesticide resistance, body size, color
macroevolution
changes that lead to new species over time
ex: different types of dinosaurs
theory of common descent
all species on Earth are descendants of a single common ancestor and species represent the product of millions of years of evolutionary changes
all living things are related to each other
species that are more closely related share a more recent common ancestor
single origin of life evidence
theory of evolution
homologies
similarity in characteristics due to common ancestry
anatomical homologies
arrangement of placement of bones
ex: forearm in humans & apes are homologous
less obvious anatomical homolgies
functional traits in one organism are non-functional/greatly reduced in another organism
vestigial traits are indicators of common ancestry
vestigial traits
remainder of biological heritage
ostrich wings, the appendix
arrector pili
tiny muscles at base of hairs
5 lines of evidence for evolution
developmental homologies
molecular homologies
convergent evolution & homoplasy
biogeography
fossil record
homoplasy
we look alike because we have a similar lifestyle, not because of the common ancestor
developmental homologies
many organisms display shared developmental pathways because of the common ancestor in the past
very different species look very similar in early developmental stages
ex: all chordates have pharyngeal slits & tails that they eventually lose during development
molecular homologies
shared genes = shared characteristics
closely related species that share a recent common ancestor share many genes
convergent evolution & homoplasy
evolution of similar structure in unrelated organisms due to a similar lifestyle
resulting in homoplasy
biogeography
distribution of species on Earth
closely related species cluster in the same geographic region because they descended from the same common ancestor that lived there
ex: marsupials in Australia
fossil record
provide a record of change of organisms over time
many fossil series show progression from ancient forms to modern forms
transitional forms
fossils or organisms that show intermediate states between ancestral form & descendant form
4 evolutionary forces
natural selection
genetic drift
migration
mutation
natural selection
differential survival & reproduction of individuals in a population
causes populations to adapt to their changing environment