RT213 MODULE 1

GENERAL ANATOMY AND RADIOGRAPHIC POSITIONING TERMINOLOGY

anatomy

science of the structure of the body

physiology

study of the function of the organs

osteology

detailed study of the knowledge relating to the bones of the body

bones

* attachment for muscles
* mechanical basis for movement
* protection of internal organs
* frame to support the body
* storage for calcium, phosphorus, and other salts
* production of red and white blood cells

bones structure

* periosteum
* endosteum
* haversian system
* medullary cavity
* spongy bone
* cortical bone

ossification

development and formation of bones

ossification

* intermembranous ossification
* endochondrial ossification

intermembranous ossification

* skulls
* clavicles
* mandibles
* sternum

endochondrial ossification

* short bones
* irregular bones
* long bones

endochondrial ossification

* primary ossification
* secondary ossification

primary ossification

diaphysis

secondary ossification

epiphysis

classification of bones

* short
* long
* irregular
* flat
* sesamoid

long

* femur
* humerus
* provide support

short

* tarsals
* carpals (wrist)
* allow minimum flexibility and motion in short distance

flat

* diploe
* cranium
* sternum
* scapula
* provides protection and their broad surfaces allow muscle attachment

sesamoid

* patella
* develop inside and beside tendon
* very small and oval
* protect the tendon from excessive wear

irregualr

* vertebrae
* pelvis
* attachment for muscles, tendons and ligaments
* attach to other bones to create joint

processes or projections

* condyle
* coracoid or coronoid
* horn
* crest
* epicondyle
* facet
* hamulus
* head
* line
* malleolus
* protuberance
* spine
* styloid
* trochanter
* tubercle
* tuberosity

depressions

* fissure
* foramen
* fossa
* groove
* meatus
* notch
* sinus
* sulcus

condyle

rounded process at an articular extremity

coracoid or coronoid

beaklike or crownlike process

horn

hornlike process on a bone

crest

ridgelike process

epicondyle

projections above condyle

facet

small, smooth-surfaced process for articulation

hamulus

hook-shaped process

head

expanded end of a long bone

line

* less prominent ridge than a crest
* linear elevation

malleolus

club-shaped process

protuberance

projecting part or prominence

spine

sharp process

styloid

long pointed process

trochanter

* two large rounded and elevated process
* greater trochanter
* lesser trochanter

tubercle

small, rounded and elevated process

tuberosity

large, rounded and elevated process

fissure

cleft or deep groove

foramen

hole in a bone for transmission of blood vessels and nerves

fossa

* pit
* fovea
* hollow space

groove

shallow linear channel

meatus

tubelike passageway running within a bone

notch

indentation into the border of a bone

sinus

* recess
* groove
* cavity
* hollow space

sulcus

* furrow
* trench
* fissurelike depression

fractures

* closed
* open
* nondisplaced
* displaced

closed

does not break through skin

open

serious fracture in which the broken bone or bones project through the skin

nondisplaced

bone retains its normal alignment

displaced

bones are not in anatomic alignment

arthology

study of joints

functional classification of joints

* synarthroses
* amphiarthroses
* diarthroses

synarthroses

immovable joints

amphiarthroses

slightly movable

diarthroses

freely movable

structural classification of joints

* fibrous
* cartilaginous
* synovial

fibrous joints

* do not have a joint cavity
* strongest joints in the body

fibrous joints (example)

* syndemosis
* suture
* gomphosis

syndemosis

tibiofibular joint

suture

skull

gomphosis

roots of teeth

cartilaginous joints

* do not have a joint cavity
* virtually immovable

cartilaginous joints (example)

* symphysis
* synchondrosis

symphysis

pubic symphysis

synchondrosis

epiphyseal plate found between the epiphysis and diaphysis

synovial joints

* gliding (plane)
* hinge (ginglymus)
* pivot (trochoid)
* ellipsoid (condyle)
* saddle (sellar)
* ball and socket

gliding

intercarpal and intertarsal joints of the wrist and foot

hinge

* elbow'
* knee
* ankle

pivot

* atlas
* axis

saddle

between trapezium and 1st metacarpal

ball and socket

* hip
* shoulder

abduct or abduction

movement of part away from the central axis of the body or body part

adduct or adduction

movement of a part toward the central axis of the body or body part

extension

straightening of a joint

flexion

act of bending of a joint

hyperextension

forced or excessive extension of a limb or joints

hyperflexion

forced overflexion of a limb or joints

evert or eversion

outward turning of the foot and ankle

invert or inversion

inward turning of the foot at the ankle

pronate or pronation

rotation of the forearm so that the palm is down

supinate or supination

rotation of the forearm so that the palm is up

rotate or rotation

turning or rotating of the body or a body part around its axis

circumduction

circular movement of a limb

tilt

tipping or slanting a body part slightly

deviation

turning away from the regular standard or course

anterior or ventral

forward or front part of the body or forward part of an organ

posterior or dorsal

back part of an organ

caudad

parts away from the head of the body

cephalad

parts toward the head of the body

superior

* **nearer the head**
* **situated above**

inferior

* nearer the feet
* situated below

central

* mid-area
* main part of an organ

peripheral

parts at or near the surface, edge, or outside of another body part

medial

parts toward the median plane of the body or toward the middle part of another body

lateral

parts away from the median plane of the body or away from the middle of another body part to right or left

superficial

parts near the skin or surface

deep

parts far from the surface

distal

* parts farthest from the point of attachment, point of reference, origin, or beginning
* away from the center of the body

proximal

* parts nearer the point of attachment, point of reference, origin, or beginning
* toward the center of the body

external

* parts outside an organ
* on the outside of the body

internal

* parts within
* on the inside of an organ