edocrine disorders

hyperthyroidism

~ cause: grave's disease ; excessive iodine

~ decreased or normal TSH but increased T3/T4

~ fast metabolism: diarrhea, hypertension, weight loss, anxiety, sensitivity to heat, exophthalmos

~ thyroid Storm (thyrotoxicosis)

cushing’s disease

~ excessive glucocorticoid (cortisol) Secretion

~ cause: increased ACTH from pituitary , long term use of steroids

~ manifestations: Moon face, buffalo lump, trunkal obesity, hyperglycemia, hypernatremia, striae, immunosuppression

addison’s disease

~ decrease in all adrenal cortex hormones

~ cause : decrease in ACTH from pituitary, autoimmune (most common)

~ manifestations: month lesions, depression, salt cravings, hyperpigmentation of skin, hypotension, hypoglycemia, hyponatremia

hyperaldosteronism (Conn’s syndrome)

~ increased aldosterone secretion from benign adrenal cortex tumor

~ manifestations : hypertension, hypokalemia, hypovolemia (FVE), hypernatremia

metabolic syndrome

~ risk factors : high glucose, high BP, high triglycerides, low HDL, increased weight circumference (3 out of 5 = diagnosis)

~ puts at increased risk for cardiovascular disease, diabetes, stroke

~ treat with lifestyle changes

hypoparathyroidism

~ decreased PTH= decreased serum calcium

~ manifestations : diarrhea, anxiety, hypotension, muscle spasms, paresthesia

~ complications: hypocalcemia, hyperphosphatemia, hypomagnesemia, metabolic alkalosis

hypopituitarism

~ rare and multiple causes

~ dwarfism decreased GH; short stature

~ diabetes decreased ADH; polyuria and fluid volume deficit

thyroid crisis (thyrotoxicosis)

~ sudden worsening of hyperthyroidism symptoms that may occur with infection, stress,

or removal of thyroid gland

~ manifestations : Fever, decreased mental alertness, hypertension, tachycardia, abdominal pain

type 2 diabetes

~ primarily affects adults

~ risk factors : age, family history, obesity, gestational diabetes

~ decreased insulin production or defect in insulin itself

~ complications: retinopathy, nephropathy, neuropathy

hyperparathyroidism

~ increased PTH= increased Serum calcium

~ manifestations: constipation, depression, hypertension, flaccid muscles, weakness, osteoporosis, renal calculi

~ complications: hypercalcemia, hypophosphatemia, hypermagnesemia, metabolic acidosis

pheochromocytoma 

~ rare tumor in adrenal medulla

~ causes increased amounts of norepinephrine and epinephrine to be secreted resulting in life threatening hypertension and tachycardia, severe HA, anxiety

hyperpituitarism

~ usually caused by tumor

~ gigantism: increased GH before puberty

~ acromegaly: increased GH in adulthood

~ SIADH : increased ADH; fluid volume excess

hypothyroidism 

~ primary cause: autoimmune thyroiditis (hashimoto’s) 

~ increased TSH but decreased T3/T4

~ slows metabolism : constipation, hypotension, bradycardia, weight gain, depression, sensitivity to cold

gestational diabetes

~ occurs during pregnancy

~ increased risk of developing type 2 diabetes

~ treat with lifestyle changes and insulin during pregnancy

myxedema

~ hypothyroid crisis, advanced hypothyroidism

~ triggered by: illness, infection, trauma, exposure to cold

~ manifestation: marked hypotension, respiration depression, lethargy, seizures, extreme hypothermia

type 1 diabetes 

~ primarily affects children

~ autoimmune; beta cells destroyed so no more insulin

~ often presents as DKA 

~ 3 P’s: polyuria, polydipsia, polyphagia

~ treatment: lifelong insulin