CH 1 AICE Sociology Study Guide

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23 Terms

1

August Comte

A philosopher known for establishing sociology and introducing the concept of positivism, which advocates studying the social world similarly to natural sciences.

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2

Social Order

The behavioral patterns and regularities established by societies that enable social action.

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3

Positivism

A methodology that suggests studying the social world in a manner akin to natural sciences, emphasizing empirical observation and value-freedom.

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4

Karl Marx

A sociologist who argued that social order is maintained through conflict, focusing on the roles of the bourgeoisie and proletariat in society.

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5

Bourgeoisie

The dominant group in society that owns the means of economic production, such as land and factories.

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6

Proletariat

The working class that owns nothing but their labor power, which they exchange for money.

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7

Deterministic

A perspective suggesting that individual behavior is largely shaped by broader social forces, with little room for personal choice.

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8

Weberian Theory

A framework that examines the transition from pre-industrial to industrial societies, emphasizing the role of individual and group actions in social change.

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9

Value Consensus

An agreement within a society about what is considered important, contributing to social cohesion.

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10

Solidarity

A sense of mutual support and agreement among individuals within a group, which can be organic or mechanical.

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11

Organic Solidarity

A type of social cohesion characteristic of industrial societies, where individuals are connected by their roles and functions.

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12

Mechanical Solidarity

A type of social cohesion typical of pre-industrial societies, where individuals are connected by shared beliefs and values.

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13

Postmodernism

A micro-sociological perspective that challenges the idea that the social world can be understood rationally, focusing on personal narratives and subjective interpretations.

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14

Metanarratives

The overarching stories or frameworks that societies use to explain their understanding of the world, such as religion or science.

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15

Interpretivism

A methodology that emphasizes understanding social behavior through subjective interpretation, contrasting with positivism.

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16

Structural Functionalism

A sociological theory that views society as a complex system where various parts work together to maintain order and stability.

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17

Functional Prerequisites

Essential conditions that must be met for a society to function effectively, according to functionalist theory.

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18

Economic Determinism

The idea that economic relationships are the most significant in shaping societal structures and relationships.

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19

Forces of Production

The means and relationships involved in the production of goods, including labor, raw materials, and technology.

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20

Feminist Theory

A perspective that examines how male power structures oppress women through interpersonal and cultural means.

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21

Liberal Feminism

A branch of feminism advocating for gender equality through democratic reforms and anti-discrimination efforts.

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22

Marxist Feminism

A perspective that views capitalism as a source of women's oppression and advocates for communism as a solution.

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23

Radical Feminism

A form of feminism that sees patriarchy as the root of female oppression and seeks to dismantle patriarchal structures.

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