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Classical Conditioning
Pairing an unconditioned stimulus (US) and a neutral stimulus (NS) results in acquisition of a conditioned response (CR) to the neutral stimulus, which is then called a conditioned stimulus (CS)
Extinction
Weakening of a response following repeated exposure to the CS alone
Spontaneous Recovery
The return of the CR after a lapse of time following extinction
Stimulus Generaglization
CR occurs in response to stimuli similar to the original CS
Stimulus Discrimination
CR fails to occur to stimuli different from the original CS
Positive Reinforcement
The strengthening of a response by means of presenting a rewarding stimulus after the response occurs
Negative Reinforcement
The strengthening of a response by means of removing an unpleasant stimulus after a response occurs
Primary Reinforcers
Stimuli that are naturally reinforcing
Secondary Reinforcers
Stimuli that acquire reinforcement value through experience
Stimulus Discrimination
Stimuli that signal the occasion for reinforcement
Shaping
Rewarding gradual approximations to the desired behavior
Extinction (Operant)
Weaking of a response through withdrawal of reinforcement
Schedules of Reinforcement
Systems for dispensing reinforcements, such as fixed-ratio, variable-ratio, fixed-interval, and variable-interval schedules
Punishment
Introduction of an unpleasant stimulus or removal of a reinforcing stimulus after a response occurs, resulting in the weakening or suppression of the response
Insight Learning
The "Aha!" phenomenon, or suddenrealization of a solution to a problem
Latent Learning
Learning not expressed outwardly in behavior until the response is reinforced
Observational Learning
Learning by observing and imitating other people's behavior; also called vicarious learning or modeling
Skinner
operant conditioning. operant=voluntary behavior -learning depends on consequences
John B Watson
-psychologist
-DId the little ALbert experiement
Aim:demonstrate fear could be conditioned through classical conditioning
Method:Repeatedly exsposing Albert to a white rate while making loud noises causing him to fear rats and late furry objects
Ivan Pavlov
Russian psychologist; Classical Conditioning; Pavlov's dogs:when dogs heard a bell they started salivating before the food appears so bell=food=salvation
Shaping
reinforcement of successive approximations that lead to a goal
ex:potty training