Essentials of Psychology Chapter 5

Classical Conditioning

Pairing an unconditioned stimulus (US) and a neutral stimulus (NS) results in acquisition of a conditioned response (CR) to the neutral stimulus, which is then called a conditioned stimulus (CS)

Extinction

Weakening of a response following repeated exposure to the CS alone

Spontaneous Recovery

The return of the CR after a lapse of time following extinction

Stimulus Generaglization

CR occurs in response to stimuli similar to the original CS

Stimulus Discrimination

CR fails to occur to stimuli different from the original CS

Positive Reinforcement

The strengthening of a response by means of presenting a rewarding stimulus after the response occurs

Negative Reinforcement

The strengthening of a response by means of removing an unpleasant stimulus after a response occurs

Primary Reinforcers

Stimuli that are naturally reinforcing

Secondary Reinforcers

Stimuli that acquire reinforcement value through experience

Stimulus Discrimination

Stimuli that signal the occasion for reinforcement

Shaping

Rewarding gradual approximations to the desired behavior

Extinction (Operant)

Weaking of a response through withdrawal of reinforcement

Schedules of Reinforcement

Systems for dispensing reinforcements, such as fixed-ratio, variable-ratio, fixed-interval, and variable-interval schedules

Punishment

Introduction of an unpleasant stimulus or removal of a reinforcing stimulus after a response occurs, resulting in the weakening or suppression of the response

Insight Learning

The "Aha!" phenomenon, or suddenrealization of a solution to a problem

Latent Learning

Learning not expressed outwardly in behavior until the response is reinforced

Observational Learning

Learning by observing and imitating other people's behavior; also called vicarious learning or modeling

Skinner

operant conditioning. operant=voluntary behavior -learning depends on consequences

John B Watson

-psychologist
-DId the little ALbert experiement
Aim:demonstrate fear could be conditioned through classical conditioning
Method:Repeatedly exsposing Albert to a white rate while making loud noises causing him to fear rats and late furry objects

Ivan Pavlov

Russian psychologist; Classical Conditioning; Pavlov's dogs:when dogs heard a bell they started salivating before the food appears so bell=food=salvation

Shaping

reinforcement of successive approximations that lead to a goal
ex:potty training