BIO 251: Lab Practical 1

anatomical position

palms up and body standing upright, facing forward with arms at the sides.

supine

lying on the back, face up.

prone

lying flat on the stomach

superior

a position above or higher than another part of the body.

inferior

a position below or lower than another part of the body.

cephalic

relating to the head or towards the head.

caudal

relating to the tail or towards the tail.

anterior

referring to the front or forward part of the body.

posterior

relating to the back or towards the rear.

ventral

referring to the belly of the body.

dorsal

referring to the back

medial

referring to a position closer to the midline of the body.

lateral

referring to a position farther from the midline of the body.

proximal

referring to a position closer to the point of attachment

distal

referring to a position farther from the point of attachment.

superficial

referring to a position closer to the surface of the body.

deep

referring to a position farther from the surface of the body.

sagittal plane

divides the body into right and left sections.

midsagittal plane

divides the body into equal right and left halves.

parasagittal

divides the body into unequal right and left sections.

transverse plane

divides the body into superior and inferior sections.

frontal/coronal plane

divides the body into anterior and posterior sections.

oblique plane

divides the body at an angle

nucleus

genetic storage

nucleolus

ribosomal subunit synthesis

nuclear pores

molecular ingress and egress from nucleus

ribosomes

protein synthesis

rough endoplasmic reticulum

protein synthesis

smooth endoplasmic reticulum

lipid synthesis and detoxification

golgi apparatus

protein modification, carbohydrate synthesis, vesicular trafficking

cytoskeletal elements

shape, movement, transport

mitochondria

ATP synthesis

plasma membrane

barrier, transport, signal transduction

centrioles

Microtubule organizing center (MTOC)

microvilli

increase surface area

basement membrane

collagen rich extracellular matrix

desmosome

connects cells strongly in one spot

hemidesmosome

connects cells strongly to the basement membrane in one spot

tight junction

connects cells and forms a watertight barrier

belt desmosome

connects cells with an organized line of spot desmosomes

frontalis

elevates eyebrows and moves scalp

occipitalis

draws scalp backwards

epicranial aponeurosis

collagenous sheet, connects occipitofrontalis bellies

orbicularis oculi

closes eye

orbicularis oris

closes lips

buccinator

compresses cheek

temporalis

elevates mandible

masseter

elevates mandible

risorius

draws corner of mouth to side

zygomaticus major (inferior)

elevates corner of mouth

zygomaticus minor (superior)

elevates upper lip

levator nasolabialis

elevates and everts upper lips

levator labii superioris

elevates upper lip

depressor labii inferioris

depresses lower lip

depressor anguli oris

depresses corner of mouth

nasalis

flares nostrils and depresses tip of nose and bridge

mentalis

depresses and protrudes lower lip (pouty lip)

digastric

depresses mandible and elevates hyoid

mylohyoid

elevates floor of mouth

sternohyoid

depresses hyoid

stylohyoid

elevates larynx

geniohyoid

depresses mandible and elevates larynx

thyrohyoid

depresses hyoid and elevates thyroid

omohyoid

depresses hyoid and larynx

styloglossus

retracts tongue

hyoglossus

depresses and retracts tongue

genioglossus

depresses protracts tongue

sternocleidomastoid

flexes and laterally rotates head and neck

platysma

tenses skin of neck and depresses mandible

scalenes

flexes and laterally rotates neck

pectoralis major

flexes shoulder and medially rotates arm

pectoralis minor

depresses scapula and elevates ribs

serratus anterior

rotates scapula and elevates ribs

diaphragm

depresses thorax floor

external intercostals

elevates ribs

internal intercostals

depresses ribs

transversus thoracis

depresses ribs

rectus abdominis

flexes vertebral column and compresses abdomen

linea alba

median collagenous partition

external oblique

flexes and rotates vertebral column

internal oblique

flexes and rotates vertebral column

Transversus abdominis

compresses abdomen

coccygeus

elevates and supports pelvic floor

levator ani

elevates anus and supports pelvic floor