DC Biology-Meiosis Quiz

Asexual reproduction produces…

Two identical daughter cells

Asexual reproduction occurs in ______________ eukaryotes and simple ___________ eukaryotes

Single-celled; multicellular

________________ is the most common form of reproduction among prokaryotic cells (bacteria)

Binary fission

Budding:

Asexual reproduction that involves forming a new organism by a small projection growing on the surface of the parent

Fragmentation:

Splitting of the parent into pieces that each grow into a new organism

Regeneration:

Regrowth of a missing body part; NOT reproduction

Vegetative propagation:

Forms a new plant from the modification of a stem or underground structure on the parent offspring

Spore formation:

Parent creates either haploid or diploid spores that can grow into a new organism

Parthenogenesis:

Growth and development of embryo without fertilization of a male; population all female

Homologous chromosomes:

Paired chromosomes that carry “matching” genes

Somatic cell nuclei (body cells) are hapliod/diploid

Diploid (2n)

Homologous chromosomes carry the same gene but different ___________

Alleles

How many chromosomes are homologous in gametes? Why not 23?

22; sex chromosomes are non-homologous

Haploid (n) are cells with ___ set of chromosomes (___ gene for each trait)

One

Diploid (2n) are cells with ___ set of chromosomes (___ gene for each trait)

Two

Haploid cells are a result of _________

Meiosis

Diploid cells are a result of _________

Mitosis

How do we make sperm and egg cells?

By reducing 46 chromosomes to 23

Meiosis reduces chromosome number and makes _________

Gametes

__________ restores chromosome number

Fertilization

Meiosis I seperates…

Homologous pairs

Meiosis II seperates…

Sister chromatids

Interphase (before meiosis I:

DNA replication

Prophase I:

Makes tetrad; crossover occurs

Crossing over:

Homologous pairs swap pieces of chromosome

Crossing over three steps:

1. Cross over

2. Breakage of DNA

3. Re-fusing of DNA

Crossing over results in…

New combinations of traits

Timeline:

Meiosis—>fertiliation—>mitosis + development

Sex:

The combination of genetic information from two different sources

In eukaryotic cells, the fusion of egg and sperm cells is called…

Sygngamy

Gametogenesis (gamete production) makes _________ cells from _______ cells

Haploid; diploid

Syngamy combines two ________ cells to produce one ______ cell

Haploid; diploid

Sexual reproduction introduces genetic __________

Variation

Genetic recombination:

Independent assortment of chromosomes

Random fertilization:

Which sperm fertilizes which egg; drives evolution

Genetic recombination results in…

8 million different combinations

Crossing over results in…

Infinate variety

Sexual reproduction allows for genetic __________ and ___________

Similarty; differences

Primitive germ cells are called…

Spermatogenia

Spermatogenesis:

Results in four functioning sperm cells

Oogenesis:

Results in one functioning egg and two (or three) polar bodies

Hermaphrodism:

One individual has both testes and ovaries

Protogyny:

Form of hermaphroditism that transforms organism from female to male (gyn for obgyn)

Protandry:

Form of hermaphroditism that transforms organism from male to female

Dominate individual environmental systems:

Whole colony is one sex except the largest; whole colony mates with top organism

Temperature-dependent sex determination:

Temperatures experienced during embryonic periods determine sex of offspring

X-0 system:

Females have XX, males have X0

Z-W system:

Males have ZZ, females have ZW

Haplo-diploid system:

Unfertilized eggs develop into haploid (males), while fertilized eggs develop into diploid (female)

Sexual reproduction is an advantage in ___________ enviroments

Changing

Asexual reproduction is an advantage in ___________ enviroments

Constant