Apush Period 4 Id's (1800-1848)

Governor of Indiana Territory who defeated Tecumseh and the Prophet (Tenskwatawa) at Prophetstown, later on the 9th president of the US

William Henry Harrison

Popular name for the period of one-party, Republican, rule during James Monroe's presidency. The term obscures bitter conflicts over internal improvements, slavery, and the national bank.

Era of Good Feelings (1817-1825)

The fifth president of the United States, Democratic Republican (last of the Virginia Dynasty), Missouri Compromise, Era of Good feeling, Doctrine for foreign policy, 1828 Tariff of Abomination

James Monroe

Secretary of State, He served as sixth president under Monroe. In 1819, he drew up the Adams-Onis Treaty in which Spain gave the United States Florida in exchange for the United States dropping its claims to Texas. The Monroe Doctrine was mostly his work, elected under the corrupt bargain,

John Quincy Adams

A northern American politician, speaker of the House. He developed the American System (BIT) as well as negotiated numerous compromises, ran for president 5 times, from the West, The Missouri Compromise, JQA's secretary of state after the corrupt bargain, tries to keep BUS alive

Henry Clay

President of the Second Bank of the United States; he struggled to keep the bank functioning and worked with Henry Clay to try to recharter when President Jackson tried to destroy it and vetoes the recharter.

Nicholas Biddle

South Carolina Senator - advocate for state's rights, limited government, and nullification, Democratic republican, War hawk, Monroe's secretary of war, writes against the Tariff of Abomination with "The SC exposition and protest," Jackson's VP

John C Calhoun

Senator of Massachusetts; famous American politician & orator; advocated renewal & opposed the financial policy of Jackson; apart of the debate over the Tariff of Abomination, "people not state formed the union so no succession" "Liberty and union, now and forever, one and inseparable"

Daniel Webster

The seventh President of the United States (1829-1837), who as a general in the War of 1812 defeated the British at New Orleans (1815). As president he opposed the Bank of America, objected to the right of individual states to nullify disagreeable federal laws, and increased the presidential powers, he had the spoils system, the kitchen cabinet, and called for the removal of NAI

Andrew Jackson

Eaton (Jackson's Secretary of War) married a bar maid named Peggy Eaton. Other senator's wives ostracized her, particularly Calhoun's wife. Andrew Jackson was sensitive to this given what happened to his wife. Jackson upset at Calhoun for not controlling his wives behavior. Many wives in the cabinet were upset.

John and Peggy Eaton and Petticoat Affair

(1837-1841) Advocated lower tariffs and free trade, and by doing so maintained support of the south for the Democratic party. He succeeded in setting up a system of bonds for the national debt. Jackson's secretary of State, blamed for the panic of 1836, reason Jackson got immigrants from NY in 1828 election

Martin Van Buren

Signed by Britain and the United States, it established strict limits on naval armaments in the Great Lakes, a first step in the full demilitarization of the U.S.-Canadian border, completed in the 1870s.

Rush Bagot Treaty 1817

Henry Clay's three-pronged system to promote American industry. Clay advocated a strong banking system, a protective tariff, and a federally funded transportation network

American System (1815-1840s)

First protective tariff in American history, created primarily to shield New England manufacturers from the inflow of British goods after the War of 1812.

Tariff 1816

Fueled the settlement of the Northwest and Missouri territories by lowering the price of public land. Also prohibited the purchase of federal acreage on credit, thereby eliminating one of the causes of the Panic of 1819.

Land Act 1820

Failed proposal to prohibit the importation of slaves into Missouri territory and pave the way for gradual emancipation. Southerners vehemently opposed the amendment, which they perceived as a threat to the sectional balance between North and South.

Tallmadge Amendment 1819

Widely used term for the institution of American slavery in the South. Its use in the first half of the 19th century reflected a growing division between the North, where slavery was gradually abolished, and the South, where slavery became increasingly entrenched.

Peculiar Institution

Supreme Court case that strengthened federal authority and upheld the constitutionality of the Bank of the United States by establishing that the State of Maryland did not have power to tax the bank.

McCulloch v. Maryland 1819

Signed by Britain and the U.S., the pact allowed New England fishermen access to Newfoundland fisheries, established the northern border of Louisiana territory and provided for the joint occupation of the Oregon Country for ten years

Anglo American Convention 1818

Fixed the line of 54°40' as the southernmost boundary of Russian holdings in North America.

Russo-American Treaty 1824

Under the agreement, Spain ceded Florida to the US, and the two nations agreed on the southwestern boundary of the Louisiana Purchase. Spain retained the territory from Texas to California while abandoning its claims to the Oregon country

Florida Purchase or Adams Onis Treaty 1819

Allowed Missouri to enter the union as a slave state, Maine to enter the union as a free state, prohibited slavery north of latitude 36˚ 30' within the Louisiana Territory (1820)

Missouri Compromise 1820

Statement delivered by President James Monroe, warning European powers to refrain from seeking any new territories in the Americas. The United States largely lacked the power to back up the pronouncement, which was actually enforced by the British, who sought unfettered access to Latin American markets.

Monroe Doctrine 1823

Alleged deal between presidential candidates John Quincy Adams and Henry Clay to throw the election, to be decided by the House of Representatives, in Adams' favor. Though never proven, the accusation became the rallying cry for supporters of Andrew Jackson, who had actually garnered a plurality of the popular vote in 1824.

The Corrupt Bargain 1824

Policy of rewarding political supporters with public office, first widely employed at the federal level by Andrew Jackson. The practice was widely abused by unscrupulous office seekers, but it also helped cement party loyalty in the emerging two-party system.

Spoils System

Noteworthy for its unprecedentedly high duties on imports. Southerners vehemently opposed the Tariff, arguing that it hurt Southern farmers, who did not enjoy the protection of tariffs, but were forced to pay higher prices for manufactures.

Tariff of Abominations (1828)

Showdown between President Andrew Jackson and the South Carolina legislature, which declared the 1832 tariff null and void in the state and threatened succession if the federal government tried to collect duties. It was resolved by a compromise negotiated by Henry Clay in 1833.

Nullification Crisis (1823-1833)

Passed as a measure to resolve the nullification crisis, it provided that tariffs be lowered gradually, over a period of ten years, to 1816 levels.

Compromise of 1833

Passed by Congress alongside the compromise Tariff of 1833, it authorized the president to use the military to collect federal tariff duties

Bloody Bill or the Force Bill 1833

New York state canal that linked Lake Erie to the Hudson River. It dramatically lowered shipping costs, fueling an economic boom in upstate New York and increasing the profitability of farming in the Old Northwest.

Erie Canal (1825)

a labor and production model in textile mills, employed mainly young, unmarried women from rural areas to work in factories under relatively controlled conditions, providing them with housing, education, and a moral code, while simultaneously achieving high efficiency in textile production by combining spinning and weaving processes under one roof; replaced the putting out system

Lowell System (1815-1840s)

Eli Whitney's invention that sped up the process of harvesting cotton. The gin made cotton cultivation more profitable, revitalizing the southern economy and increasing the importance of slavery in the South

Eli Whitney Cotton Gin 1793

18-19th century transformation from a dis aggregated, subsistence economy to a national commercial and industry network.

Market Revolution (1820's-1830's)

Term referring to a series of nineteenth-century transportation innovations—turnpikes, steamboats, canals, and railroads—that linked local and regional markets, creating a national economy.

Transportation Revolution

invented the single line telegraph system and morse code

Samuel Morse

1. often settled in NY and many came due to the potato famine back home

2. came and settled in the Midwest, because of political and economic struggle back home

Immigration: Irish, Germans (1840's-50's)

Nativist political party also known as the American party that emerged in response to an influx of immigrants, particularly Irish Catholics

Know Nothing Party (1844-1860)

Powerful New York political machine that primarily drew support from the city's immigrants, who depended on Tammany Hall patronage, particularly social services.

Tammany Hall (est 1789)

Men without property can vote, as long as they are white, increases voting and changes the campaigning process

Universal male suffrage (1820-50)

Ordered the removal of Indian Tribes still residing east of the Mississippi to newly established Indian Territory west of Arkansas and Missouri; those resisting eviction were forcibly removed by American forces, often after prolonged legal or military battles.

Indian Removal Act (1830)

A Supreme Court ruling that declared a state did not have the power to enforce laws on lands that were not under state jurisdiction; John Marshall wrote that the state of Georgia did not have the power to remove Indians; this ruling was largely ignored by President Andrew Jackson, after missionary continues to go into Cherokee land and doesn't admit allegiance to the US

Worcester v. Georgia (1832)

Forced march of fifteen thousand Cherokee Indians from their Georgia and Alabama homes to Indian Territory. Some four thousand Cherokees died on the ardous journey

Trail of Tears (1830-1850)

Battle between President Andrew Jackson and congressional supporters of the Bank of the United States over the bank's renewal. Jackson vetoes the bank bill, arguing that the bank favored moneyed interests at the expense of western farmers.

The Bank War (1832-1836)

Popular term for pro-Jackson state banks that received the bulk of federal deposits when Andrew Jackson moved to dismantle the Bank of the United States in 1833.

Pet banks

U.S. Treasury decree requiring that all public lands be purchased with "hard," or metallic, currency. Issued after small state banks flooded the market with unreliable paper currency, fueling land speculation in the West.

Specie Circular 1836

Formed in opposition to the policies of Andrew Jackson and his Democratic Party. leaders like Henry Clay, Daniel Webster

Supported the supremacy of Congress over the presidency and favored a program of modernization and economic protectionism.

Whig Party (1833-1856)

Religious revival characterized by emotional mass "camp meetings" and widespread conversion. Brought about a democratization of religion as a multiplicity of denominations vied for members

Second Great Awakening (1790s-1840s)

An evangelist who was one of the greatest preachers of all time during 2nd Great Awakening (spoke in New York City). He also made the "anxious bench" for sinners to pray and was was against slavery and alcohol. Taught perfectionism

Charles Grandison Finney

Popular name for Western New York, a region particularly swept up in the religious fervor of the Second Great Awakening.

Burned over District

Religious followers of Joseph Smith, who founded a communal, oligarchic religious order in the 1830s, officially known as the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-Day Saints. Mormons, facing deep hostility from their non-Mormon neighbors, eventually migrated west and established a flourishing settlement in the Utah desert.

Mormons

Founded Mormonism in New York in 1830 with the guidance of an angel. 1843, announcement that God sanctioned polygamy split the Mormons and let to an uprising against Mormons in 1844; translated the Book of Mormon and died a martyr.

Joseph Smith

United States religious leader of the Mormon Church after the assassination of Joseph Smith, takes church West to Utah thrives and applies for statehood but denied because of poligamy

Brigham Young

literary and intellectual movement that emphasized individualism and self reliance, predicted upon the belief that each person possesses an "inner light" that can point the way to truth and direct contact with God

Transcendentalism (1820s-1830s)

American transcendentalist who was against slavery and stressed self-reliance, optimism, self-improvement, self-confidence, and freedom. He was a prime example of a transcendentalist and helped further the movement.

Ralph Waldo Emerson

Transcendentalist; civil disobedience; gov. that violates individual morality has no legit authority

Henry David Thoreau

Ralph Waldo Emerson's popular lecture-essay that reflected the spirit of individualism pervasive in American popular culture during the 1830s and 1840s.

Self Reliance 1841

Communal society of around one thousand members, established by Robert Owen in Indiana, the community attracted a hodge podge of individuals, from scholars to crooks, and fell apart due to infighting and confusion after just 2 years

New Harmony (1825)

One of the more radical utopian communities established in the nineteenth century, it advocated "free love," birth control, and eugenics. Utopian communities reflected the reformist spirit of the age.

Oneida Community

From the Oneida Community, preached the second coming of Christ already came, share everything, and new ways to perfect society

Joseph Noyes

Called for their lively dance worship, they emphasized simple, communal living and were all expected to practice celibacy. First transplanted to America from England by Mother Ann Lee, counted six thousand members by 1840, though by the 1940s the movement had largely died out, equality of sexes

Shakers

The founder of the United Society of Believers in Christ's Second Appearing, or Shakers. Believes she is female version of Jesus and equality of the sexes

Mother Ann Lee

american artistic movement that produced romantic renditions of local landscapes

Hudson River School (1825-1870)

Founded in Boston in 1826 as part of a growing effort of 19th century reformers to limit alcohol consumption.

American Temperance Society (1826)

Prohibited the manufacture and sale of alcohol. A dozen other states followed Maine's lead, though most statutes proved ineffective and were repealed within a decade, "father of Prohibition"

Neal Dow and Maine Law 1851

Pervasive 19th century cultural creed that venerated the domestic role of women. It gave married women greater authority to shape home life but limited opportunities outside the domestic sphere

Cult of Domesticity (1820s-1860s)

Site of the first modern women's rights convention, and the start of the organized fight for women's rights in US history. At the gathering, Elizabeth Cady Stanton read a Declaration of Sentiments modeled on the Declaration of Independence listing the many injustices against women, and adopted eleven resolutions, one of which called for women's suffrage.

Seneca Falls Convention (1848)

Quaker activist in both the abolitionist and women's movements; with Elizabeth Cady Stanton, she was a principal organizer of the Seneca Falls Convention in 1848.

Lucretia Mott

(1815-1902) A suffragette who, with Lucretia Mott, organized the first convention on women's rights, held in Seneca Falls, New York in 1848. Issued the Declaration of Sentiments which declared men and women to be equal and demanded the right to vote for women. Co-founded the National Women's Suffrage Association with Susan B. Anthony in 1869.

Elizabeth Cady Stanton

social reformer who campaigned for womens rights, the temperance, and was an abolitionist, helped form the National Woman Suffrage Association, also a Quaker

Susan B Anthony

American suffragist who founded the American Women Suffrage Association, hosted the 2nd women's rights convention, doesn't take her husband's name, abolitionist

Lucy Stone

movement to improve condition and treatment of prisoners and to stop people from being jailed for reasons like debt or mental illness, and to separate prisoners in cells

Prison Reform

Tireless reformer, who worked mightily to improve the treatment of the mentally ill. Appointed superintendant of women nurses for the Union forces. Wanted to shift from punishment to rehabilitation

Dorthea Dix

Reflecting the focus of early abolitionists on transporting freed blacks back to Africa, the organization established Liberia, a West-African settlement intended as a haven for emancipated slaves.

American Colonization Society (1817)

Abolitionist society founded by William Lloyd Garrison, who advocated the immediate abolition of slavery. By 1838, the organization had more than 250,000 members across 1,350 chapters

American Antislavery Society (1833)

Founder of the American Antislavery Society, very radical, believed that the Constitution was a covenant of hell and burns it in Boston

William Lloyd Garrison

United States abolitionist who escaped from slavery and became an influential writer and lecturer in the North (1817-1895), editor of the North Star, taught himself to read and write,

Frederick Douglass

He was a black abolitionist who called for the immediate emancipation of slaves. He wrote the "Appeal to the Colored Citizens of the World." It called for a bloody end to white supremacy. He believed that the only way to end slavery was for slaves to physically revolt. radical

David Walker

United States abolitionist and feminist who was freed from slavery and became a leading advocate of the abolition of slavery and for the rights of women (1797-1883), wrote the "Aint I a Women" speech at the Womens Rights Convention

Sojourner Truth

Virginia slave revolt that resulted in the deaths of sixty whites and raised fears among white Southerners of further uprisings.

Nat Turner Rebellion (1831)

A French political thinker and historian who, after visiting the United States in 1831, wrote Democracy in America to analyze how and why American democracy worked and what it revealed about the future of democratic societies.

Alex de Tocqueville