CCJ4670 - Final Exam

Final exam for Women in Crime and includes chapters 10-13.

Intimate Partner Abuse is ___________________________.

a serious form of victimization by a previous, current, or dating partner, lover, or spouse.

Stalking is ______________________.

a course of conduct directed at a specific person that involves repeated visual or physical proximity, nonconsensual communication, or verbal, written, or implied threats or a combination thereof, that would cause a person reasonable fear

Proxy Stalking involves _____________________________.

a category of stalking tactics whereby IP abusers’ friends, family members, and others also stalk their victims, usually at the abuser’s request/demands (the abuser enlists their “loved ones” to aide them in stalking their victim)

The term Intergenerational Transmission of Violence refers to __________________________.

a theory in which children who witness IPA (intimate partner abuse) or are abused by their parents believe that violence is an acceptable way to resolve conflict

What is central to intimate partner abuse?

Coercion is central to intimate partner abuse and stalking.

What is Pence and Paymar’s Power Control Wheel?

A model created in 1866 through their Domestic Abuse Intervention project, where both researchers point out eight tactics used to control and hold power over women.

What are the eight tactics that researchers Pence and Paymar point out in their Power Control Wheel?

1. Using intimidation

2. Using emotional abuse

3. Using Isolation

4. Minimizing, denying, blaming

5. Using Children (as pawns to control or threaten their partner)

6. Using Male Privilege

7. Using economic abuse (controlling their partners finances)

8. Using coercion and threats

What are Tong’s IPA (intimate partner violence) tactics?

1. occurs between people in a current or former intimate relationship

2. result in harm to the victim

3. involves a manifestation of domination and control

Regarding LGBTQI+, research has found that physical abuse perpetration is more likely to be experienced by whom?

Gay men

The four primary IPA tactic areas are:

1. Physical

2. Sexual

3. Pregnancy

4. Psychological/emotional

What tactic do most people think of when it comes to IPA and “battered women”? What does that include?

Nonsexual physical IPA (physical abuse like beating, hitting, suffocating, burning, strangling, etc.)

What are some examples of neglect tactics?

withholding personal assistance

What are the characteristics of a “pure victim?”

1. Is not herself violent unless in self-defense

2. Has experienced extreme physical violence separate by periods of emotional abuse

3. Suffers abuse in a pattern in which it escalates in severity and frequency over time unless someone intervenes

4. Is terrified by the abuse

In which phase of the cycle theory of violence do victims typically feel mounting pressure and the inevitability of an abusive explosion?

Phase 1 - Tension Building

Which phase is considered to be the “briefest” of the three phases in the cycle theory?

Phase 2 - The Acute Abuse Incident (this is when the abusive explosion actually occurs)

Which phase is characterized by kindness and contrite loving behavior from the abuser who begs forgiveness and promises not to be violent again?

Phase 3 - Honeymoon

What are the two most significant characteristics common among IPA?

Controlling and Jealous

What characteristics make people vulnerable to all types of abuse?

• Women who are less educated

• Women who are unemployed

• Race/Ethnicity are risk factor

• Childhood victimization

• Parenting status - such as having dependent (young) children

A study found that IP-abused mothers used ___________ when preparing to leave their abusers.

mental planning

According to research, _______ women who had been with their abusive partners for more than 5 years were more likely to leave than the others.

White

What is a feminist’s concern with pro-arrest policies?

The policies take decision-making away from the victims.

In a study on Latina IPA, researchers found that most of the women who were not born in the United States were more likely to report being ________.

“beat up”

In a study on Mexican immigrant women, researchers found that for many intimate partner abuse victims, the worst tactic by their abusers was _____________.

harming their children

Chap. 10 Review question: What is an example of the four primary IPA (intimate partner abuse) tactic areas?

pregnancy

Who tends to constitute the highest representation of staff in women’s prisons?

Women

According to Atkins and Hoggett, what three ways have the legal system attempted to justify limiting women’s paying job opportunities?

1. Women’s “natural inferiority”

2. maternity

3. marriage

At the beginning of the 19th century in England, what “type” of women had more legal rights?

Single women

Gender discrimination in the workplace is typically viewed through what two lenses?

Institutionalized workplace policies and cultural beliefs

What is gender-based occupational segregation?

Gender-based occupational segregation is “the degree to which male and female workers are concentrated in different jobs.

What were the findings of the Ohio Civil Rights Commission?

Sex discrimination in employment cases that women filed was due to being fired (the most common type of discrimination).

What is the most common interpretation of pregnant women workers?

They are weak and a potential risk

Racial discrimination is more often motivated by __________.

disempowerment

Discrimination against women is more often motivated by _____________.

paternalism

What was the ruling of Dothard v. Rawlinson? (page 314-315)

While the ruling eliminated the height and weight requirement of prisons, it upheld certain circumstances of men’s prison qualifications under BFOQ.

What was the ruling of Jordan v. Gardner (page 316)?

The use of male guards to perform the body searches of female inmates does not violate their right to privacy, but rather, it does violate women prisoners’ rights to freedom from cruel and unusual punishment (further causing victimization).

What is Title VII (title 8)?

States that it is illegal to base terms of employment on a person’s sex, race, religion, or national origin.

Regarding Title VII, what have the Second and Seventh Circuit Courts ruled concerning Employer discrimination?

Both courts ruled that an employer could not discriminate against their employees because they disapprove of same sex attractions/affiliation.

The Equal Employment Opportunity Commission was geared toward discrimination cases based upon _______.

race

_______________ generated the most attention in women’s legal right to work in men’s prisons.

Prisoner’s rights to privacy

Regarding Zimmer’s three roles of adjustment strategies, the institutional role officers are what?

Rule and policy followers who tend to downplay their female status. In other words, women expect to do the same job as their male counterparts.

Regarding Zimmer’s three roles of adjustment strategies, the Modified role officers are what?

They do not view themselves as being capable as men of performing the job and prefer safe assignments where they do not come into contact with prisoners.

Regarding Zimmer’s three roles of adjustment strategies, the inventive role officers are what?

They see women officers as advantageous, better workers in the prison system compared to the men, and they see their physical weakness (relative to men’s) as overcompensated for by their superior communication skills and respect for prisoners

What is the Glass Ceiling effect?

A promotion block experienced by many women and people of color in jobs that are typically unavailable to them (an example of tokenism).

What is the Glass Escalator effect (regards to men)?

When men in predominantly women's professions (teacher, nurse, etc.) are given preferential treatment that enhances their positions.

What is the bona fide occupational qualification (BFOQ) exception to Title VII (8)?

It allows employers to engage in sex-based discrimination in those instances in which the sex of an employee is a reasonable and necessary qualification for a specific job.

The first African American women who were hired in policing were _____________________________.

typically segregated from white women police and citizens (were hired to solely patrol African American communities).

What are Brown’s six stages regarding Sexual harassment and Backlash (each stage leads to the next)?

1. Entry - often the result of a shortage of men to serve as police officers

2. Separated and Restricted - where departmental structure limits women officers to only working with women and children

3. Integration - where gender integration is mandated by legislation but often met with resistance by male police, which results in litigation by female officers

4. Take-off - where the number of women increases substantially, leading to backlash, which includes sexual harassment

5. Reform - where there is increased inspection by outsiders, a clearer grievance process, an improved training

6. Tip Over - Where the number of female officers increase, no longer making them the “minority”

The U.S. Civil Service Commission adopted having a _______ as a standard for female police recruits.

high school diploma

A study of women police chiefs found that many of them began their policing careers after having a career in ______________________.

teaching or nursing careers, where they were required to help others

What is (probably) the best explanation for women’s low representation (in policing)?

Prejudice by male officers who view women as incapable of performing the job.

There is evidence that sex/gender discrimination starts ______________.

during police academy training

Women police perceive sexual teasing as ____, but they perceive sexual harassment as _____.

friendly joking, malicious

Regarding Martin’s three roles that men police adopt in the views of the first women on patrol, the “Traditionals” believed __________________________________.

that women police officers do not belong on patrol and should be treated as “junior partners” if they are

Regarding Martin’s three roles that men police adopt in the views of the first women on patrol, the “Moderns” believed __________________________________.

they were willing to work with female officers as equals

Regarding Martin’s three roles that men police adopt in the views of the first women on patrol, the “Moderates” believed __________________________________.

they were ambivalent (neither for or against) women police

Consistent with U.S. data, in 2016, women’s representation was higher in _____ law enforcement agencies.

local

A study found that departments in which U.S regions had higher representation of female officers in the ______ (NESW)?

Midwest

Incentive pay, such as tuition reimbursement and hazardous duty pay, is an example of _________________________.

Organizational Benevolence

Chap. 12 Review Question: Recall Brown’s six stages.

(1) entry, (2) separated/restricted, (3) integration, (4) take-off, (5) reform, and (6) tip-over

What is the feminist consciousness view?

The view that women in legal professions will have a better understanding of oppression, given their own experiences with sexism.

What is the different moral voice view?

Ask whether woman approach the practice of law in a more cooperative, caring fashion and take into account more of the contextual details of their clients’ lives.

Which state was the last to afford women the right to serve on a jury?

Mississippi (1968)

Women jurors were often easily dismissed from the actual jury service during the ______ process.

Voir Dire (the practice in which lawyers question potential jurors before the actual trial)

Holt v. Florida (1961) ruled that ______________________________.

The court found no suspicion of denial of equal protection when only 10 out of 10,000 jurors were women in the state of Florida (claimed there were protecting women from the “obscene” courtroom).

Taylor v. Louisiana (1975) ruled that ______________________________.

Women could no longer be exempt from jury service based simply on their sex/gender.

Bradwell v. Illinois (1873) ruled that ______________________________.

Women who were married are legally barred from practicing law.

Women Lawyers’ most significant resistors were ________________.

the men in their profession

Women lawyers during colonial times received their legal training by _________________________________________.

“clerking” with their male counterparts (father, brother, or husband), who allowed them to practice law

What was identified as the “game changer” to women’s admission to law school?

The timing of Title IX, the women’s movement, and the empty seats created by the Vietnam War draft (applications began being judged on merit).

Women continue to be overrepresented in ______ (what type) law.

Family

The Invisible Labor Cause is ______________________________.

a concept that refers to the additional work in which women must spend navigating White institutional spaces.

What type of courts were elected female judges first appointed to?

Family, divorce, and lower municipal courts (gender stereotype courts).

Chap. 13 Review Question: In the case of Taylor v. Louisiana (1975), the courts ruled that _____________________.

Women could no longer be exempt from jury service based on their gender.