(2.1) short term effects of exercise to the body

heart rate

rate of heart contraction

stroke volume

amount of oxygenated blood leaving the left side of the heart per pump

1. brain

2. muscle contraction

2 factors prodding the heart to work harder during exercise

heart rate

goes up during exercise due to the brain’s influence

stroke volume

goes up during exercise due to muscle contraction

cardiac output

the amount of blood pumped out of the heart in a unit of time

cardiac output

the amount of blood that is circulation in our body

1. heart rate

2. stroke volume

2 factors that dictate the cardiac output

blood pressure

increases during exercise since an increase in stroke volume also means an increase in pressure on the arteries

breathing rate

increased during exercise which sends electrical impulses to the diaphragm for faster contraction

heart rate

increases during exercises due to the heart demanding more oxygen from the lungs

tidal volume

amount of air that moves in and out of the lungs

cramping

results from an increase in muscle temperature during exercise brought about by more oxygen

lactic acid

a factor in muscle fatigue and increases production as a byproduct during exercises

pliability

characteristic of muscles that increases during exercise to make way for more frequent contractions

blood flow

its increase during exercise allows the brain to get more oxygen

blood redistribution

happens during exercise wherein other organs in other systems take a backseat in order to prioritize giving blood to the working muscles

body responses

acute effects to body (heart rate, breathing patter, muscles)

body adaptations

anatomical changes (muscular/fat composition), long-term

heart (left side)

pumps out oxygenated blood to the arteries

arteries

the main passageway of oxygenated blood and branches out to the arterioles

arterioles

smaller branches of the arteries that deliver oxygenated blood to the capillaries

capillaries

attached to the muscles and organs which is where oxygen delivery happens

venules

where deoxygenated blood goes after going to the muscles and organs

veins

passageways of deoxygenated blood that goes directly to the heart (right side)

heart (right side)

pumps blood to the lungs to get a fresh supply of oxygen

pulmonary artery

connected to the heart (left side) where blood passes through and is where oxygenated blood passes through after coming from the lungs

adrenaline

increases even before exercise which triggers the brain, resulting in an increase in herat rate as well

carbon dioxide

has increased production and elimination due to exercise resulting in having more glucose burned and more caloric expenditure