3.6- Social-Emotional Development Across the Lifespan

Ecological Systems Theory

Views the person as developing within a complex system of relationships affected by multiple levels of the surrounding environment

Microsystem

The people and objects in an individual's immediate environment

Mesosystem

Provides connections across microsystems

Exosystem

Social settings that a person may not experience firsthand but that still influence development

Macrosystem

Consists of cultural values, laws, customs, and resources

Chronosystem

Time

Authoritarian Parenting Style

Parents place a high value on conformity and obedience, are often rigid, and express little warmth to the child

Authoritative Parent Style

Parenting style in which parents set clear standards for their children's behavior but are also responsive to their children's needs and wishes

Permissive Parenting Style

A parenting style that allows freedom, lax parenting that doesn't set limits or enforce rules constantly

Attatchement

The positive emotional bond that develops between a child and a particular individual

Temperament

Aa person's characteristic emotional reactivity and intensity

Secure Attachment

A relationship in which an infant obtains both comfort and confidence from the presence of his or her caregiver

Avoidant Attachment

Infants who seem unresponsive to the parent when they are present, are usually not distressed when she leaves, and avoid the parent when they return

Anxious Attachment

Demonstrated by babies who seem constantly afraid of potential separation from the caregiver; they cling to caregivers in strange settings and display intense distress upon separation

Disorganized Attachment

A type of attachment that is marked by an infant's inconsistent reactions to the caregiver's departure and return

Separation Anxiety

Emotional distress seen in many infants when they are separated from people with whom they have formed an attachment

Monkey Attachment Experiment

The monkey prefered the contact comfort from the cloth mother rather than the food from the wired mother

Parallel Play

Activity in which children play side by side without interacting

Imaginary Audience

Adolescents' belief that they are the focus of everyone else's attention and concern

Personal Fable

Type of thought common to adolescents in which young people believe themselves to be unique and protected from harm

Adult Relationships

Support & care

Social Clock

The culturally preferred timing of social events such as marriage, parenthood, and retirement

Emerging Adulthood

For some people in modern cultures, a period from the late teens to mid-twenties, bridging the gap between adolescent dependence and full independence and responsible adulthood

Trust vs Mistrust

Erikson's first stage during the first year of life, infants learn to trust when they are cared for in a consistent warm manner

Autonomy vs Shame and Doubt

Erikson's second stage in which a toddler learns to exercise will and to do things independently; failure to do so causes shame and doubt

Initiative vs Guilt

Erikson's third stage in which the child finds independence in planning, playing and other activities

Industry vs Inferiority

Erikson's fourth stage between 6 and 11 years, when the child learns to be productive

Identity vs Role Confusion

Erikson's fifth stage during which teenagers and young adults search for and become their true selves

Intimacy vs Isolation

Erikson's sixth stage in which individuals form deeply personal relationships, marry, begin families

Generativity vs Stagnation

Erikson's seventh stage of social development in which middle-aged people begin to devote themselves more to fulfilling one's potential and doing public service

Integrity vs Despair

Erikson's eighth stage in which those near the end of life look back and evaluate their lives

Adverse Childhood Experiences (ACEs)

Stressful or traumatic experiences, including abuse, neglect, and a range of household dysfunction, such as witnessing domestic violence or growing up with substance abuse, mental disorders, parental discord, or crime in the home

Identity Diffusion

An apathetic state characterized by lack of both exploration and commitment

Identity Foreclosure

Commitment in the absence of exploration

Identity Moratorium

Exploration without having reached commitment

Identity Acheivement

Commitment to values, beliefs, and goals following a period of exploration

Possible Self

Person's conceptions of the self as it potentially may be; may include both an ideal self and a feared self