MLSP 112 FINALS

it the transporting fluid of the body

blood

percentage of plasma in blood composition

55%

percentage of formed elements in blood composition

45%

examples of granulocytes

1. basophils

2. eosinophils

3. neutrophils

examples of agranulocytes

1. monocytes

2. lymphocytes

how thick is blood compared to water?

about five times thicker

what is the taste of bood?

salty

what is the pH level of blood?

7.4 slightly alkaline

blood volume of average adult weighing 70 kg

5 liters

it is a clear, pale-yellow liquid

plasma

composition of plasma

90% water, 10% solutes

gases of plasma

1. O2

2. CO2

3. N

minerals of plasma

1. Na

2. K

3. Ca

4. Mg

nutrients of plasma

1. carbohydrates

2. lipids

proteins of plasma

1. albumin

2. fibrinogen

3. antibodies

waste products of plasma

1. BUN

2. uric acid

3. creatinine

normal quantity of Erythrocytes in male

4.5 - 6.2 million/mm³

normal quantity of Erythrocytes in female

4.2 - 5.4 million/mm³

normal quantity of Leukocytes

5,000-10,000/mm³

normal quantity for Thrombocytes

150,000-450,000/mm³

average of MOST NUMEROUS CELLS in the blood

4.5 - 5 million/mm³

appearance of a shape of a doughnut without a hole is referred to as

bioncave

size of bioncave

7-8 microns

life span of erythrocyte

120 days

Ability to transport oxygen and carbon dioxide occurs as a result of a very important molecule, called

hemoglobin

Hemoglobin is made up of a protein molecule called

globin

an iron compound called

heme

when large amounts of oxygen attached to the hemoglobin in the RBC

bright red color (oxygenated)

when large amounts of carbon dioxide are attached to hemoglobin in the RBC

dark bluish red (deoxygenated)

what is the Hemoglobin Reference Values of an adult male

14-18 g/dl

what is the Hemoglobin Reference Values of an adult female

12-16 g/dl

primarily responsible for destroying foreign substances

leukocytes

WBC can pass through the thin walls of capillaries to enter the tissues

diapedesis

WBCs engulf or “eat” foreign substances and/or cellular debris

phagocytosis

how much of WBC does an average adult have?

5,000-10,000/mm³

granules are present in the cytoplasm

granulocytes

no granules are present

agranulocytes

it is the first to repond to bacteria or a virus

neutrophils

fight infection by producing antibodies

lymphocytes

it is known for their role in allergy symptoms

eosinophils

it clean up dead cells

monocytes

it is known for their roles in asthma

basophils

it has distinct nuclei with many lobes

neutrophils

Cytoplasm stains pale pink and contains fine granules, which are difficult to see; deep purple nucleus consist of three to seven lobes connected by thin strands of nucleoplasm

neutrophils

have cytoplasmic granules that stain red

eosinophils

assist in inflammatory responses; it secrete chemicals that destroy parasites; levels inscrease with allergies and parasitic infection (stain red-orange)

eosinophils

have cytoplasmic granules that stain deep blue

basophils

assist with inflammatory response by releasing histamine and heparin; it produces vasodilator (stain dark blue or blue-black)

basophils

kidney shaped nuclei

monocyte

it has a large round nuclei

lymphocyte

it produces antibodies

lymphocytes

smallest in size of all the cellular components

platelets

life span of platelets

9-12 days

bleeding is diminished or halted as a result of platelets sticking to the site of injury

platelet plug

causes the blood vessels to spasm or narrow and decrease blood loss until the clot forms

serotonin

hemostasis stage

1. vasoconstriction

2. platelet plug

3. coagulation

4. fibrinolysis

it means blood

hemo

it means stopping

stasis

the study of the formed (cellular) elements of the blood

hematology

blood is analyzed in the form of

whole blood, plasma, serum

the most common body fluid analyzed in the hematology section is

whole blood

whole blood specimen is obtained by using

EDTA and Citrate

method for hemoglobin estimation

cyanmethemoglobin

is the volume of packed RBCs that occupies a given volume of whole blood

hematocrit

Correlation checks between the Hgb and Hct are a significant part of quality assurance for the CBC and are known as the

rule of three

unit of Mean Corpuscular Volume

femtoliters

unit of Mean Cell Hemoglobin

picograms

is the average volume of the RBC

Mean Corpuscular Volume

is the average weight of hemoglobin in an RBC

Mean Cell Homoglobin

is the average concentration of hemoglobin in each individual erythrocyte

Mean Cell Hemoglobin Concentration

is used to assess the erythropoietic activity of the bone marrow

reticulocyte count

in reticulocyte count, whole blood, anticoagulated with EDTA, is stained with a

supravital stain

it measures how quickly erythrocytes settle at the bottom of a test tube

Erythrocyte Sedimentation Rate

useful for monitoring the course of an existing inflammatory disease or for differentiating between similar diseases

ESR

use blood collected in EDTA and dilute at four parts blood to one part

modified westergren method

the phlebotomist used a lancet to make a small, controlled puncture wound and recorded the duration of bleeding

bleeding time

reference interval of bleeding time

2-9 minutes

bleeding time test was first described by

Duke 1912

modified bleeding time

Ivy 1941

attempted to standardize the bleeding time by specifying a lancet that used a template to establish incision depth

Mielke 1969

a calibrated spring-loaded lancet was developed

1976

The device was triggered on the volar surface of the forearm a few inches distal to the antecubital crease, and the resulting wound was blotted every 30 seconds with filter paper until bleeding stopped

Surgicutt Bleeding Time Device

it was the first in vitro clot procedure that employed the principle that the time interval from the initiation of clotting to visible clot formation

Lee-White whole blood coagulation time

a prolonged clotting time indicates a

coagulopathy

modification of ACT

1953

uses a particulate clot activator in the test tube, which speeds the clotting process

Activated Clotting Time

PT reagent

thromboplastin

typical PT reference interval is

12.6 - 14.6 seconds

is prolonged in multiple factor deficiency disorders that include deficiencies of factors VII and X

prothrombin time

The tissue factor-phospholipid-calcium chloride reagent is warmed to

37 C

volume for PPP in PT

50-100 mL

is employed to monitor the effects of UFH (Unfractionated Heparin) and to detect LAC (Lupus Anticoagulant)

partial thromboplastin time

PTT reagent

phospolipid

PTT reference interval

26-38 seconds

a bank of blood and their components, gathered as a result of blood donation

blood bank

a least 70% of cells that have been transfused should remain viable for

24 hours

blood is stored in the liquid state in what temperature

1℃ and 6℃

ACD and its shelf life

acid citrate dextrose 21 days

CPD and its shelf life

citrate phosphate dextrose 21 days

CP2D and its shelf life

citrate phosphate double dextrose 21 days