global governance

Norms

Moral principles, customs and ways of living that are universally accepted as standard behaviour

Intervention

Actions of a state, group or states or international organisation in a foregin territory to end gross violations of human rights including military force, economic sanctions and assistance of NGOs

State

Areas of land of an idnependent country with well defined boundaries within which there is a single podiatry organised body of people under a single government

Nation

A large group of people with strong bonds of identity united by shard descent history, traditions, culture and language

Sovereignty

The absolute authority that independent states exercise in the government of the land and peoples in their territory

Territorial integrity

The principle that defined territory of a state over which it has exclusive and legitimate control is inviolable

International community

All coutrnies whose identity and sovereignty are recogineds under the auspices of the un plus other intenriatnl orgniasation that choose to participate in glboa discussion and decision Laing and which act collectively to resolve humanitarian issuers

Global governance

Intervention by the glboal community attempting to regulate issues such as human rights, sovereignty and territorial integrity

International law

Established through international agreements, they are legally binding

Institutions

Political or legal organisations

When was the UN founded at what can it take action on

1945, takes action on issue confronting humanity in 21st century such as peace and security, climate change, terrorism eets + 17 sustainable development goals

How many member states of UN are there

193

4 main purposes of un

1)Keep peace worldwide, 2) develop friendly relations among nations, 3) help nations work together, improve lives of poor people→ conquer hunger, disease, illiteracy and encourage respect for peoples freedoms and right, 4) to be centre for harmonising actions of nations to achieve these goals

Upon its establishment what was the main aim of the un

To prevent future war

Why is global governance difficult

Accepted norms vary between cultures so not all societies will agree about what is acceptable and even when they do agree interpretation of laws may be different

What did many glboal institution involved in global governance have strong links to

Richest and most powerful coutrnies which provide largest amount of countries

Critics of glboal governance

Say that there are a number of important issues that aren’t being addressed by Gobal governance including food security, missing laws enforcing wtaer security, insssufficient powers to regulate nuclear industry and cybersecurity

In what way has the un achieve its purpose of main thing world peace and security

Developed and strengthen intenraitnl relations, no further wold conflicts since inception, over 170 un peaceful settlements have ended regional conflicts, supported nuclear disarmament

In what way has the un failed its purpose of main thing world peace and security

Powerful militar al states have ignored un eg Russia and chia, un has sometimes only had minor influence on outcomes, numbers of nuclear powers in world has kept on increeseig eg North Korea

In what way has the un achieve its purpose of Providing long term humanitarian and development assistance and upholding of human rights

Improved QoL for million sof most vulnerable particularly women’s nd children ambitiousmillenium development goal were achieve

In what way has the un failed its purpose of providing long term humanitarian and development assistance and upholding human rights

Failed to fully address sercutiy situations in fghanistnand middle ast which has hampered efforts at developing and rebuilding

In what way has the un achieve its purpose of Eradicating and preventing glboal hunger

Negotiated fairer trade agreements between HICs and LICs, applied agro technologies to increase food yields in LICs

In what way has the un failed its purpose of eradicating and preventing global hunger

Globalisation and capitalism support an unequal movemnt of goods between LICs and HICs

In what way has the un achieve its purpose of Protecting refugees worldwide

First responder to human and evniomrnetl disasters around the word

In what way has the un failed its purpose of protecting refugees worldwide

Resettlement of refugees has not always been achievable

In what way has the un achieve its purpose of Eradicating and combatting the spread of global disease

Reduced global mortliaty rates including eradication of smallpox and near eradication of polio

In what way has the un failed its purpose of eradicating and combating the spread of global disease

AIDS pandemic continues

In what way has the un achieve its purpose of Developing friendly relations

Independent I arbitration and upholds strong moral code

In what way has the un failed its purpose of developing friendly relations

Financial dependence on HICs leaves un open to criticism of impartiality

In what way has the un achieve its purpose of Settling disputes with international law

International laws established within a world legal framework

In what way has the un failed its purpose of settling legal disputes with international law

Limited repercussions for coutrnies that don’t follow mandates

In what way has the un achieve its purpose of Promoting and supporting wide use and sustainable development of global environment

Established global Environemtnal norms underpinned by legally binding agreements

In what way has the un failed its purpose of promoting and supporting wide use and sustainable development of the global environment

Truly global and ambitious agreements on climate change are slowly being realised

In what way has the un achieve its purpose of Poverty reduction and improvements of ling standard worldwide within a sustainable framework

Promoted better understanding of world development issues nad inequalities

In what way has the un failed its purpose of poverty reduction and improvements of living standards worldwide within a sustainable framework

Economic powers in practice are overshadowed Ñ b more powerful players eg WTO or individual and influential HIICs

What is the right to veto

Means 5 coutrnies can say no to things un proposes and doesn’t go to debate or be approved

Who has the right to veto

China, Russia, France, uk and usa

what are issues with the right to veto

Has been associated with corruption, beaurocracies, mainly being reactive rather than proactive in preventing Rwandan genocide and other failures

What is the singifacacen of a veto

Only takes 1 negative vote to reject a resolution

What is required for a resolution to be past

9/15 members have to vote in favour and all permanent members (big 5) have to not veto

How have Russia used their veto power more that any other p5 state

Have usd in 12x recently on draft resolutions to Syrian civil war (their allies), vetoed drafts that would have allowed chemical weapons investigations, imposed sanctions nad refers Syria to Inter entízalo criminal coutr

What has china used its right to veto for

Vetoed several measures tat lend end legitimacy to taiwans independence wchi China doesn’t recognise , cast single opposing vote against 14 on a resolution calling on us to withdraw embassy in Jerusalem

How have France ad the uk tried to overcome problems with righ to veto

Have supported concept of voluntary restraint meaing p5 have responsibility to not use veto power in situations where mass atrocities are being committed eg in Syria

Why is glboal governance becoming more important

world is becoming more interdependent

UNDP

United Nations development programme

What are the aims of the UNDP

The eradication of por very and reduction of inequalities and exclusion

Where does the UNDP work

In over 170 countries being the leading driver in meeting th millennium development goals

How has the WTO been good and bad

Has partially alleviated some of the injustices in trade through some of the processes of global sisa tino however has undoubtedly accentuated it in other ways

UNFCC

Untied nations framework convention on climate change

What is the UNFCC responsible for

Overseeing negotiations on reducing GHGs between nations

What happens at Paris Agreemtn in 2015

Historic legally binding climate deal was struck by world leader which came into force in 2020

Main aims of Paris agreemtn

Hold global temperature rise to max of 1.5degc

Key features of Paris agreemtn

All 187 coutrnies at summit wilt voluntarily cut emissions, long term aim to reduce net emissions to zero in second half of centr , richer devleopyed coutrnies an some wealthy developing will pledge $100 billion /year to help delveoping countries, a review every 5 years, loss nad damage mechanism for addressing losses

Whta have NGOs done as part of globalisation process

Expanded their scope from local and national settings and have increasingly become international organisations

What have NGOs emerged as global force to in 21st century

Democratise decision making, protect human rights, provide essential services to most needs

Operational NGOs

Provide frontline support services to needy eg oxfam, tend to raise money for each project they undertake

Advocacy NGOs

Focus on campaigns to raise awareness to gain support from cause, derive money from donations and in some causes membership subscriptions

How do TNCs influence NGOs

Sponsor and support them → may influence how and where they work, corruption may lead to poorer working conditions and cheaper labour being let slide

What are international institutions designed to proved

Growth through either improving economy or society, and stability making sure there are no sudden changes int he economy or society

What are the conditions need to receive a loan from IMF or WB

Less developed coutrnies have to implement free trade politics and cut government spending which often comes from cuts to healthcare or education whic has increase inequalities nad poverty

Global commons

Refers to resource domains or aras that lie outside of the political reach of any one nation state

What are the 4 global commons

The high seas, atmosphere, outer space and Antarctica

What is an area that is being argued should be a global common and hwy

Cyberspace/ internet. → is anew domain which is a resource shared by all but not controlled by any single nation = global common

Principle of common heritage of mankind

Establishes that some localities belong to all humanity and that the resoruces there are avialable for everyone’s use and benefit

Why is the concept of common heritage being put under pressure

Advances in sicence and tech have given easier access to a range of resources, greater scarcity of reousources has it increasing pressure on global commons eg Antarctica

Tragedy of the commons

Exaplins why shared common access resources are lie to be over exploited as individuals act indepedentlty and according to there self interests leading to the shared resource becoming depleted

What treaty/international law protects the high seas

Thee UN Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS)

What treaty/international law protects the Atmosphere

United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCC), Montreal protocol on substances that deplete ozone layer and Kyoto protocol which set limits on carbon emission (superceeded by Paris agreemtn)

What treaty/international law protects Antarctica

Antarctic Treaty Sysmte (ATS)

What treaty/international law protects the Outer space

1979 Moon Treaty which governs exploration and explpotation of its resources and the treaty on principles governing the act ivies of state in the xploraiton and use of outer space

How have the treaties protecting global commons been successful

ISS, ATS have both been successful

What have been limitations to treaties protecting global commons

Russia and US prtiotising oil → trump pulls gout og UN treaties may lead to more self interested exploration or the commons that is supports to be avoided

What is the legal status in Arctic Ocean

Indicado state control territory and have exclusive rights to develop it, police it, tax it and otherwise govner it for their own benefit → differnt to Antarctic

What 5 states ring the arctic

Canada, Greenland Norway, Russia and us

What were main points of UNCLOS

All states h ave a moon right to maritime navigation Ñ but common rights to fish only being 370km from the shore and common rights to oceans minerals beings 650km from shore

What was the 9167 outer spec treaty specifically created for

To protect a glboal frontier from cold wat competition, limits militarisation, prohibits installation of testing of weapons on celestial orbits though does allow conventional weapons to be places in orbit, economic activity can take place in outer space so long as it’s done to benefit common goood