Microbiology part 1 - Irene Gold Booklet :)

Antitoxins are involved in what type of immunity

Artificial passive

An inactivated toxin is called

Toxoid

The lipid portion of lipopolysaccharides in the cell wall of pathogenic bacteria is called

Endotoxin

Endotoxins are found in gram ______ bacteria

Negative

Proteins produced inside pathogenic bacteria are called

Exotoxin

Exotoxins are mostly produced by gram _____ bacteria

Positive

Endotoxins are heat ______ while exotoxins are heat ______

Stable; labile

Enterotoxins are a type of _______

Exotoxin

Botulism and tetanus are examples of _________ (type of toxin)

Neurotoxin

Small molecules that must combine with a specific antibody (protein carrier)to trigger an immune response (not antigenic on their own)

Hapten

signaling proteins made and released by host cells to respond to viral infections are called

Interferon

What binds to microorganisms to make them more susceptible to phagocytosis

Opsinin

What is a prion

Acellular protein which denatures other proteins

What antibody is found in mucus membranes such as saliva, tears and breast milk

IgA

What antibodies will be increased in Hodgkins disease

IgE

When would IgE be released

In response to parasitic infections and allergic reactions

What is the first antibody to increase on primary exposure

IgM

What is the first antibody to increase after second exposure

IgG

What is the anamnestic response

Renewed production of antibody production in a second/later exposure to the antigen, driven by IgG

What antibody crosses the placenta?

IgG

What is the function of interleukins

Modulate proliferation, activation, maturation and differentiation of immune cells in inflammatory response

Function of interleukin 1 and who makes it

Alert; macrophages

Function of interleukin 2 and who makes it

Organize; CD4 cells

Function of interleukin 3 and who makes it

Proliferation; stem cells (bone marrow)

What cells recognize both MHC 1 and 2

B cells

T cells can only recognize what MHC

MHC1

What are the 3 pathways to activate complement system

classical, alternative, lectin

What is the membrane attack complex in complement-mediated phagocytosis

C5b-C9

What type of immunity is When a body is exposed to a disease and makes its own antibodies

Natural active

What kind of immunity is when the body is given antibodies through utero or breastfeeding

Natural passive

What kind of immunity is when the body is injected with an attenuated organism

Artificial active

What kind of immunity is when the body is injected with preformed antibodies

Artificial passive

Rabies, influenza and Salk vaccines are all what type of vaccination

Inactivated

Tetanus, botulism, and DTaP vaccines are all what type of vaccination

Toxoid

MMR, Sabin, and tuberculosis vaccines are all what type of vaccination

Live/attenuated

Good Pasteurs disease is what type of hypersensitivity

Type 2 (Cytotoxic)

myastehnia gravis and graves disease are what type of hypersensitivity reactions

Type 2 (Cytotoxic)

Lupus, RA and glomerulonephritis are what type of hypersensitivity

Type 3 (immune complex mediated)

What hypersensitivity involved only T cells not B cells

Type 4 (Cell-mediated)

What does an acid fast stain detect

Mycobacterium (ex. Tuberculosis, leprosy)

the ASO titer is used to detect

Streptococcus pyogenes

What is blood agar used for

Detect and differentiate hemolytic bacteria

Staph is catalase ______ while strep is catalase _____

Positive; negative

What is chocolate agar/heated blood agar used for

Detect fastidious organisms (ex. Neisseria gonorrhea)

What type of staph is coagulase positive

Staph aureus

What is coliform

Test for water bacteria contamination (ex. E coli)

What is Coombs for

Detect RBC antigens (ex. Hemolytic anemia)

What test is used to determine susceptibility to Scarlet fever

Dick test

What is the blood test used to detect HIV

Elisa test

What is a Giemsa stain for

Detects protozoa

Staph and strep are both gram _____

Positive

What blood test indicates seronegative arthritis

HLA B27

What is the growth medium to differentiate shigella and salmonella

Hektoen agar

What is used to determine if something is lactose +

MacConkey agar

What is the best growth medium to detect staph

Mannitol salt agar

What is the growth medium to detect fungi

Sabouraud agar

What is the blood test to detect diptheria

Schick test

What is the skin test to determine susceptibility to scarlet fever

Schultz-Charlton test

What is the blood test for diagnosing Rickettsia

Weil felix

What is the only Rickettsia organism that is not detectable from the Weil Felix blood test

Coxiella Burnetii

What blood test can confirm a +HIV and detect Lyme disease

Western Blot

What skin test examines epithelial cells altered by herpes

Tzanck smear test

What is detected via the heterophile antibody test

Mononucleosis

What is detected via Kline test

Syphilis

What is detected via Mantoux/Tine test

Tuberculosis

Aschoff bodies are characteristic of

Rheumatic fever

Babes Ernst granule bodies are characteristic of

Diptheria

Domney cells are characteristic of

Mononucleosis

Councilmen cells are characteristic of

Viral hepatitis

Gohn lesions are characteristic of

Tuberculosis

Guarnieri bodies are characteristic of

Smallpox (variola)

Gumma spots are characteristic of

Tertiary syphillis

Koplik spots are characteristic of

Measles (rubeola)

Lipofuscin are characteristic of

Browns atrophy

Lewy bodies are characteristic of

Parkinsons

Mallory bodies are characteristic of

Alcohol induced hepatitis

Negri bodies are characteristic of

Rabies

Reed-Sternberg cells are characteristic of

Hodgkins lymphoma

Russell bodies are characteristic of

Multiple myeloma

The study of the cause of disease is called

Etiology

What government agency compiles morbidity and epidemiological structures for statistics NOT research

center for disease and control

What government agency monitors soil, air and water quality

Environmnetal protection agency

What government agency is responsible for research NOT statistics

National Institute of Health

What government agency regulates meat, poultry and egg products

US department of agriculture

What type of study is best for identifying risk factors

Case control

A study that follows a group of people over a period of time with outcomes measured at one or more time points is called

Cohort

What is the Gold standard for studies that eliminates the placebo

Double blind

What drug is used to fix gross specimens and manufactures vaccines

Formaldehyde

What drug is used in thyroid disorders

Iodine

What is the initial antibiotic treatment for MRSA

Vancomycin

In the past __________ was used to treat gonorrhea and now ________ is used

Silver nitrate; erythromycin

What is used to treat gram + bacterial infections

Penicillin

What is streptomycin used to treat

Gram negative bacteria

What is Sulfa used to treat

Gram negative bacteria

What is tetracycline used to treat

Gram negative and gram positive bacteria (broad spectrum antibiotic)

What type of material is consumed by autotrophs

Inorganic

What type of material is consumed by heterotrophs

Organic

What type of material is consumed by saprophyte

Dead/decaying

High altitude plants that survive in reduced oxygen environments are considered

Microaerophilic

2 populations that live together and either one or both parties benefit

Symbiosis