Unit 1 Comparative Government

Government

The institution through which a society makes and enforces its public policies, comprised of officials and authorities governing a nation, state, or community.

Politics

Activities associated with governance, including debates between parties in power and decision-making for group members.

Comparative Politics

A subfield of political science that compares political systems, institutions, processes, and policies of different countries to understand patterns and effects.

Causation

A relationship where one event causes another, helping identify reasons for specific political outcomes in comparative politics.

Correlation

A statistical measure indicating the extent to which two or more variables fluctuate together, without implying causation.

Empirical Statement

A statement based on observed and measurable evidence, referring to factual data that can be verified.

Normative Statement

A statement expressing a value judgment or opinion about what should be, rather than what is, and is not empirically verifiable.

Quantitative Data

Data that can be quantified and verified, suitable for statistical manipulation, including numerical measurements.

Qualitative Data

Non-numerical data capturing concepts, opinions, or experiences, such as case studies and interviews.

Human Development Index (HDI)

A composite index measuring average achievement in life expectancy, education, and per capita income.

Gross Domestic Product (GDP)

The total market value of all finished goods and services produced within a country's borders in a specific time period.

Gini Index

A measure of income or wealth distribution among a nation's residents, commonly used to assess inequality.

Freedom House

An organization researching and advocating for democracy, political freedom, and human rights, known for annual country rankings.

Democratic Consolidation

The process by which a new democracy matures, reducing the likelihood of reverting to authoritarianism without external shocks.

Corruption

The abuse of entrusted power for private gain, which can be categorized as grand, petty, or political.

Corruption Perceptions Index

An annual index by Transparency International ranking countries by perceived public sector corruption based on expert assessments.

Strong State

A state capable of defending against rivals and enforcing laws and policies effectively.

Failed State

A state with a weakened political or economic system, leading to loss of government control and potential anarchy.

Fragile State Index

An annual report assessing a state's vulnerability based on social, economic, and political indicators.