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Biotechnology
The use of living organisms and biological systems to develop products and technologies.
Genetic Engineering
The direct manipulation of an organism's genes using biotechnology.
Recombinant DNA
DNA that has been artificially combined from different organisms.
Genome
The complete set of DNA, including all genes, in an organism.
Gene Cloning
The process of making identical copies of a gene.
Gel Electrophoresis
A technique used to separate DNA fragments based on size and charge.
Agarose Gel
The gel matrix used in electrophoresis to separate DNA fragments.
DNA Ladder
A standard reference with known DNA fragment sizes used in electrophoresis.
Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR)
A technique used to amplify (make copies of) DNA.
Taq Polymerase
A heat-resistant enzyme used in PCR to synthesize DNA.
Primers
Short DNA sequences that start the replication process in PCR.
Denaturation
The first step of PCR, where DNA strands are separated by heat.
Annealing
The second step of PCR, where primers bind to the DNA template.
Extension
The third step of PCR, where Taq polymerase builds new DNA strands.
Bacterial Transformation
The process of introducing foreign DNA into bacterial cells.
Plasmid
A small, circular piece of DNA used in genetic engineering.
Heat Shock
A method used to encourage bacteria to take up plasmid DNA.
Antibiotic Resistance Gene
A gene added to plasmids to select for transformed bacteria.
DNA Sequencing
A technique used to determine the exact order of nucleotides in DNA.
Sanger Sequencing
A DNA sequencing method using dideoxynucleotides to terminate DNA synthesis.
Next-Generation Sequencing (NGS)
A high-speed DNA sequencing method used for whole-genome analysis.
Restriction Enzymes
Enzymes that cut DNA at specific sequences.
Sticky Ends
Single-stranded overhangs left after DNA is cut by restriction enzymes.
Blunt Ends
DNA fragments with no overhanging bases after being cut.
Gene Therapy
A medical technique that involves inserting genes to treat genetic disorders.
Genetically Modified Organisms (GMOs)
Organisms whose DNA has been altered for agricultural or scientific purposes.
CRISPR-Cas9
A gene-editing tool used to precisely modify DNA sequences.
Forensic Science
The application of biotechnology in solving crimes using DNA analysis.
Bioremediation
The use of microorganisms to clean environmental pollutants (e.g., oil spills).
Pharmaceutical Biotechnology
The use of biotechnology to develop drugs, vaccines, and medical treatments.
