Micro Exam 4 Difficult

Flashcards covering key vocabulary and concepts from a microbiology and disease lecture.

M protein (S. pyogenes)

Attaches to host cells and evades the immune system by binding to C3B, inhibiting phagocytosis.

Streptokinase

An enzyme produced by S. pyogenes that breaks down blood clots, facilitating the spread of the bacteria.

Peptidase (S. pyogenes)

Destroys C5A, preventing phagocytosis.

Hyaluronic Acid Capsule (S. pyogenes)

A capsule that helps evade the immune system because humans do not produce antibodies against HA.

Mycolic Acid (Mycobacterium tuberculosis)

Component of the cell wall that prevents fusion of phagosomes with lysosomes, allowing the bacteria to exit and divide.

Granuloma

A wall formed by lymphocytes to wall off infected areas in tuberculosis.

Urease (H. pylori)

An enzyme secreted by H. pylori that produces ammonia, neutralizing stomach acid.

Lyme Disease

Affects endothelial cells, platelets, ECM, and chondrocytes.

Plasmodium

A protozoan that divides in red blood cells, killing them and causing anemia in malaria.

Antiviral

A substance that inhibits or prevents the replication of viruses.

Set Point (HIV/AIDS)

Indicates how fast the disease will progress.

Reverse Transcriptase (HIV)

An enzyme that copies ssRNA into DNA.

Integrase (HIV)

An enzyme that inserts viral DNA copy into the host cell genome.

Protease (HIV)

An enzyme that cuts viral polyprotein into single proteins.

CCR5

A receptor that HIV binds to after binding to CD4 (T-cells) to facilitate membrane fusion and infection.

Pre-Exposure Prophylaxis (PrEP)

Inhibits reverse transcriptase enzymes for high-risk individuals to prevent HIV infection.

Rhizosphere

The area around plant roots that helps bind soil and interact with microbes.

Nitrogen Fixation

The reduction of nitrogen to ammonium, used as a nitrogen source for biosynthesis.

Denitrification

Sulfur to Sulfate.

Rumen

The first stomach in ruminants (cattle, sheep, deer) containing bacteria for anaerobic fermentation.

Lysozyme

Found in egg whites, used as an antimicrobial.

Benzoic Acid

Stops fungal growth and is found in cranberries.

Allicin

An antimicrobial compound found in garlic.

Propionic Acid

Produced by Propionibacterium, gives Swiss cheese its nutty flavor.

S. thermophilus & Lactobacillus

Thermophilic bacteria used in yogurt production.

S. cerevisiae

Wine/baker's yeast.

Pseudomonas

A common spoilage bacteria found in most foods.

Acetobacter

A common spoilage bacteria involved in the conversion of ethanol to vinegar.

S. aureus

Produces exotoxins that cause food poisoning.

C. botulinum

Produces a neurotoxin that causes botulism.

Nitrofurantoin

A medication used to treat bacterial cystitis.

What effect does Malaria have on RBC’s?

It causes RBCs to rupture.

Pathogenesis of HIV after infection

As time goes on, TH cell count drops, concentration of virus in circulation rises.

Decomposers

Bacteria and Fungi

Nitrogen fixation

Is the reduction of N2 to ammonium as a N source for biosynthesis.

Fungi and plant roots have a

Mutualistic relationship

The rumen allows for what?

Anaerobic fermentation

Lactic acid fermentation

Involves bacteria that make lactic acid and causes milk to sour.