Studied by 8 people
Authors of power and types of conflict
Dominance
Establishing a power hierarchy in which those at the top control those below. Staying on top a status hierarchy does not depend on strength alone, through it helps. A group of countries dictate the rules for all the others. (Imperialism).
💡 Someone place applies their will over other places
Hard power
No dialogue
Only what I want / Force to do what they want
Reciprocity
Reward behavior that contributed to the group and punishes behavior that pursues self-interest at the expense of the group. For instance, if one country opens its markets to another’s goods, the other opens its markets in return. (Arms race)
💡 Action when the two of us have a reward
Agreement through dialogue
I want the relationship to work
Identity
With this organization, countries did not rely on self-interest. On the contrary, members of an identity community care about the interests of others in that community enough to sacrifice their own interests to benefit others. (Family)
💡 Sacrifice what I want in other to get her what she wants
Soft power
Does not function with countries
Thomas Hobbes
Power must be centralized and focused on sovereignty. (Absolutism) (Hegemony)
Basic Premise: There exists a total political community, the embodiment of which is the society. It must be a single unit, ordered according to a uniform principle processing a continuity of time and place (The king), form which the power stems.
💡 “The man are the wolf of the men”
Humans are selfish
People are evil and can not to be trusted
Only 1 person should have power
Leviathan (As God was the only one who can control him, the King will do the same with the people)
Nicholas Machiavelli
Would you rather to be feared or loved?
In “The Prince” he state which are the steps a leader (prince) should follow to become a good leader.
He sees power as means, not a resource, and seeks strategic advantages, such as military one, between his prince and others.
💡 ”The means justify the end”
Get something doesn’t caring how
Max Weber
Definition of power: He defined power as the probability that an actor within a social relationship would be able to carry out his will despite resistance to it.
John Gaventa
Definition of power: The purpose of power is to prevent groups from participating in the decision-making processes.
People.Quiescence: The silent agreement in conditions of glaring inequality.
Government. Domain: He found that the social elite makes use of its power principally to prevent the rise of conflicts in its domain, and to attain social quiescence.
💡 I prevent you for doing whatever you want, and making you suffer in silence.
Hence: The violation of this quiescence is a rebellion, whether it be an explicit demand or the non-acceptance
Quiescence: (Sufrir en silencio)
Robert Dahl
Definition of power: Power is exercised in a community by a concrete individual while others are prevented from doing what they prefer to do.
He assumed a pluralistic society, in which all the community interests are represented by means of open processes.
Is the will of the people represented properly by the democratic system?
Michael Mann
Definition of power: The ability to eliminate resistances with relative ease, to impose the order desirable to those doing the outflanking.
Ignorance: People do not know the rules of the game, they lack knowledge about developing a strategy. (Small letters)
Isolation: Isolated resistance is an event which is easy to overcome, even in cases where protests breaks out in different places at the same time, if the protesters do not know about one another. (Lack of Coalition - Revolution)
Division: Its goal is to create conditions of isolation even when people know about one another and could perhaps form an organized alliance they are separated and easy to overcome. (lock the leaders)
💡 Different strategies to outflanking by
Ignorance: Lacking information will help to make do whatever you want.
Isolation: The more friends we were the more excluded she will be. Isolate so no good relations will be made.
Division: The division prevents a “revolution” to happen
Joseph S. Nye
“When one country gets other countries to want what it wants might be called co-optive or soft power in contrast with the hard or command power of ordering others do to what it wants.”
“Soft Power: The means to Success in World Politics” (2004)
Smart Power: Nye suggests that an effective foreign policy strategy should combine both hard and soft power approaches in a balanced manner.
Complex independence: Nye argues that in the modern globalized world, states are more intertwined economically, socially, and technologically than ever before. This interdependence reduces the likelihood of traditional military conflicts.
💡 Creator of smart power
Combination of Soft and Hard power.
Noam Chomsky
"The mass media serve as a system for communicating messages and symbols to the general populace. It is their function to amuse, entertain, and inform, and to inculcate individuals with the values, beliefs, and codes of behavior that will integrate them into the institutional structures of the larger society.' "Manufacturing Consent" (1988)
Manufacturing Consent: Chomsky argue that the mass media, while presenting itself as a neutral source of information, is often influenced by powerful interests and serves to manipulate public opinion.
Hegemony and Power structures: Chomsky emphasizes the role of economic elites, corporations, and government institutions in perpetuating global inequalities and shaping international relations to their advances.
Hegemony: When controlling the mass media you can control everything
John Mearsheimer
“States are engaged in a ruthless struggle for power, and nothing but power can keep them safe.”
“The Tragedy of Great Power Politics” (2001)
Offensive Realism and Anarchy: Mearsheimer contends that states are inherently driven to seek hegemony-the position of being the most powerful state-because only a dominant state can be truly secure.
Security Dilemma: Mearsheimer argues that even as states seek security through defensive measures, their actions can inadvertently create fear and insecurity in other states.
“If you have defensive actions you will be in control”
Security Dilemma: I have guns because the others have too
Economic conflict
Disputes arising from differences in economic interests, resources, trade, or financial matters between parties.
US-China Trade war (2018-2020)
The 2008 Housing Crisis (Movie)
Ethnic conflict
Involve tensions and violence between different ethnic groups due to cultural, linguistic, religious, or historical differences.
Ethnic power: “White supremacy” When an specific ethnic gets power over other.
Bosnian war (1992-1995)
Rwandan genocide (1994)
Religious conflict
Involve tensions and hostilities driven by differences in religious beliefs, practices, or identities, often leading to violence or disputes.
The Cristero War
Israeli-Palestinian conflict
Territorial conflicts
Involves disputes over land, boundaries, or territory between different states or groups.
South China Sea disputes
Indian Pakistan Partition
Ideological conflict
Ideological conflicts involves clashes between different belief systems, ideologies, or worldviews that shape individuals’ values, principles, societal norms.
When an idea has power - Climate action
The Paris Agreement (2015)
Hegemony
The ascendancy or domination of one element of a system over others; for Marxists, hegemony implies ideological domination.
Balance of power
A condition in which no one state predominates over others, tending to create general equilibrium and curb the hegemonic ambitions of all states.
Sovereignty
The principle of supreme and unquestionable authority, reflected in the claim by the state to be the sole author of laws within its territory.
Tradition
The transmission of customs or beliefs from generation to generation, or the fact of being passed on in this way.
Note
Flashcard