learning

learning

learning

a relatively permanent

change in behavior due to experience

conditioning

process of

learning these

associations/connections

between events

Observational learning

learning that takes

place when a person observes

and imitates another’s behavior

Classical conditioning

-organisms learn the

association between two

stimuli

Unconditioned stimulus

stimulus that produces a

response without prior learning

Unconditioned response

an unlearned reaction that is automatically elicited by the UCS

Acquisition

-the initial learning of the connection between the UCS

and the Neutral Stimulus- when these two stimuli are paired

Conditioned Stimulus

a previously neutral stimulus that eventually elicits a conditioned response after being paired with the unconditioned stimulus

Conditioned Response:

is a learned response to the conditioned stimulus that occurs after CS-UCS pairing

generalization

tendency

of a new stimulus that is

similar to the original

conditioned stimulus to elicit a

response that is similar to the

conditioned response

discrimination

process of

learning to respond to certain

stimuli and not others

extinction

-weakening of

the conditioned response

when unconditioned

stimulus is absent

Spontaneous recovery-

process by which a

conditioned response can

recur after a time delay

Aversive conditioning-

-consists of repeated pairing of

a stimulus with a very

unpleasant stimulus

Coutner conditioning-

procedure for changing the relationship

between a conditioned

stimulus and its conditioned

response

operant conditioning

a form of associative learning in which the consequences of a behavior changes the probability of occurance

reinforcement

increases probability of response

positive reinforcement

frequency of behavior increases b/c followed by something good

negative reinforcement

frequency of behavior increases b/c followed by removal of something unpleasant

punishment

decreases probability of a response

positive punishment

decreases a specific behavior by an unpleasant stimulus following a given behavior

negative punishment

decreases a specific behavior by positive stimulus is removed

law of effect

behaviors followed by positive outcomes are strengthened and behaviors followed by negative outcomes are weakened

shaping

refers to rewarding approximations of a desired behavior

chaining

preform a number of responses successively in order to get a reward

avoidance learning

organism learns that by making a particular response, a negative stimulus can be altogether avoided

learned helplessness

organism has learned that it has no control over neg. outcome

primary reinforcer

innately satisfying w/o any learning to make it pleasurable

secondary reinforcer

things we learned to have value (money)

generalized reinforcer

traded for virtually anything

token economy

every time people preform a desired behavior, they are given a token and periodically they are allowed to trade their tokens for a reinforcer (capitalism!!)

continuous reinforcement

behavior is reinforced every time it occurs

partial reinforcement

reinforcer follows a behavior only a portion of the time

fixed ratio

reinforces a behavior after a set number of behaviors

variable ratio

timetable in which behaviors are rewarded an average number of times

fixed interval

reinforced the first behavior after a fixed amt of time has passed

variable interval

timetable in which a behavior is reinforced after a variable amt of time has elapsed

observational learning

Modeling-learning that occurs when a person observes and imitates behavior

latent learning

(implicit)-is unreinforced learning that is not immediately reflected in behavior

insight learning

a form of problem solving in which the organism develops a sudden insight into or understanding of a problem’s solution

instinctive drift

tendency of animals to revert to instinctive behavior that interferes with learning