OpenStax American Government Chapter 10 Key Terms

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29 Terms

1

association

groups of companies or institutions that organize around a common set of concerns, often within a given industry or trade

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2

astroturf movement

a political movement that resembles a grassroots movement but is often supported or facilitated by wealthy interests and/or elites

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3

Citizens United

Citizens United v. Federal Election Commission was a 2010 Supreme Court case that granted corporations and unions the right to spend unlimited amounts of money on elections

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4

collective good

a good such as public safety or clean air, often produced by government, that is generally available to the population as a whole

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5

contract lobbyist

a lobbyist who works for a contract lobbying firm that represents clients before government

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6

disturbance theory

the theory that an external event can lead to interest group mobilization

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7

efficacy

the belief that you make a difference and that government cares about you and your views

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8

elite critique

the proposition that wealthy and elite interests are advantaged over those without resources

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9

fragmentation

the result when a large interest group develops diverging needs

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10

free rider problem

the situation that occurs when some individuals receive benefits (get a free ride) without helping to bear the cost

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11

grassroots movement

a political movement that often begins from the bottom up, inspired by average citizens concerned about a given issue

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12

in-house lobbyist

an employee or executive within an organization who works as a lobbyist on behalf of the organization

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13

inside lobbying

the act of contacting and taking the organization's message directly to lawmakers in an attempt to influence policy

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14

iron triangle

three-way relationship among congressional committees, interests groups, and the bureaucracy

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15

issue network

a group of interest groups and people who work together to support a particular issue or policy

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16

legislative liaison

a person employed by a governmental entity such as a local government, executive department, or university to represent the organization before the legislature

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17

lobbyist

a person who represents an organization before government in an attempt to influence policy

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18

material incentives

substantive monetary or physical benefits given to group members to help overcome collective action problems

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19

membership organization

an interest group that usually consists of dues-paying members who organize around a particular cause or issue

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20

neopluralist

a person who suggests that all groups' access and influence depend on the political environment

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21

outside lobbying

the act of lobbying indirectly by taking the organization's message to the public, often through the use of the media and/or by issue press releases, in hopes that the public will then put pressure on lawmakers

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22

particularized benefit

a benefit that generally accrues to a narrow segment of society

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23

pluralist

a person who believes many groups healthily compete for access to decision-makers

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24

public interest group

an interest group that seeks a public good, which is something that accrues to all

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25

purposive incentives

benefits to overcome collective action problems that appeal to people's support of the issue or cause

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26

revolving door laws

laws that require a cooling-off period before government officials can register to lobby after leaving office

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27

soft money

money that interests can spend on behalf of candidates without being restricted by federal law

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28

solidary incentives

benefits based on the concept that people like to associate with those who are similar to them

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29

voting cues

sources—including fellow lawmakers, constituents, and interest groups—that lawmakers often use to help them decide how to vote, especially on unfamiliar issues

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