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Charles Darwin
Naturalist known for his theories on evolution and natural selection.
Francis Galton
Pioneer in the study of human intelligence and the application of statistical methods to psychology.
Hans Eysenck
Psychologist known for his work on personality and intelligence, particularly the Eysenck personality inventory.
Natural Selection
The process where organisms better adapted to their environment tend to survive and produce more offspring.
Evolutionary Personality Theory
A theory that considers personality traits as adaptations to environmental challenges.
Temperament
Biologically-based emotional and behavioral tendencies present from early life.
BIS system
Behavioral Inhibition System; prompts avoidance behaviors in response to threat.
BAS System
Behavioral Activation System; promotes approach behaviors by seeking rewards.
Eugenics
The study of or belief in the possibility of improving the human race through selective breeding.
Nonshared environmental variance
Differences in experiences between siblings that affect personality.
Biological Determinism
The idea that biological factors determine human behavior and personality traits.
Somatotypology
A classification system that categorizes individuals based on body types.
Survival of the Fittest
Concept asserting that only those best adapted to their environment survive.
Social Darwinism
Ideology that applies Darwin's ideas of natural selection to social, political, and economic issues.
Cinderella Effect
Phenomenon where stepparents are less likely to invest in their stepchildren than in their biological children.
Eysenck’s model of nervous system temperament
A framework linking personality traits to biological functioning of the nervous system.
Herbert Sheldon’s somatotypology model
A theory suggesting body type influences personality: endomorphs are sociable, ectomorphs are shy, and mesomorphs are assertive.
Classical Conditioning
A learning process that pairs a neutral stimulus with a response-producing stimulus to elicit a conditioned response.
Operant Conditioning
A method of learning that employs rewards and punishments for behavior.
Partial Reinforcement
Rewarding a behavior occasionally instead of continuously to strengthen it.
Generalization
The tendency to respond similarly to similar stimuli in classical conditioning.
Extinction
The diminishing of a conditioned response when reinforcement is no longer presented.
Discrimination
The ability to differentiate between similar stimuli in classical conditioning.
Behaviorism
A psychological perspective focusing on observable behaviors rather than mental processes.
Systematic Desensitization
A technique used to reduce anxiety through gradual exposure to the feared object or situation.
Thorndike’s Law of Effect
The principle that responses followed by satisfying consequences are more likely to be repeated.
Shaping
Gradually guiding behavior toward a desired behavior through reinforcement.
Radical Determinism
The belief that behavior is entirely determined by environmental factors.
Habits
Learned behaviors that are repeated regularly.
Primary Drives
Innate biological needs, such as hunger and thirst.
Secondary Drives
Learned motivations, such as social approval or achievement.
Social Learning Theory
The theory that we learn behaviors through observation and imitation of others.
Gestalt Psychology
A psychological perspective emphasizing holistic processing of perceptions.
Field Theory
Kurt Lewin's theory that behavior is a function of the individual and the environment.
Life Space
The psychological environment surrounding an individual, including personal needs and goals.
Cognitive Style
Individuals' preferred ways of processing information.
Learning Style
Preferred method of learning based on specific characteristics or preferences.
Schemas
Mental structures that organize knowledge and guide processing of information.
Scripts
Predefined sequences of events that guide behavior in specific contexts.
Categorization
The process of grouping similar objects or concepts together for better understanding.
Personal Construct Theory
A theory that suggests individuals use personal frameworks to interpret experiences.
Role Construct Repertory Test
A test that assesses a person's personal constructs by comparing different people.
Social Intelligence
The ability to understand and manage social relationships.
Emotional Intelligence
The capacity to be aware of, control, and express one's emotions.
Multiple Intelligences
Howard Gardner's theory that suggests there are various types of intelligence beyond traditional IQ.
Explanatory Style
The way individuals interpret events, influencing their emotional response.
Behavior Potential
The likelihood that a given behavior will occur in a specific situation.
Locus of Control
A person's belief about the extent to which they can control events affecting them.
Self-System
The cognitive structure that organizes the self-concept and guides behavior.
Observational Learning
Learning by observing and imitating others' behaviors.
Self-Regulation
The ability to control one's emotions, thoughts, and behaviors in pursuit of long-term goals.
Self-Efficacy
An individual's belief in their capability to execute behaviors necessary to produce specific performance attainments.
Trait Approach
A framework focusing on individual differences in personality traits.
Myers-Briggs Type Indicator
A personality assessment tool based on Carl Jung’s theory of psychological types.
Trait
A stable characteristic that influences an individual's behavior.
Common Traits
Traits shared by individuals within a culture.
Functionally Autonomous
Traits that become independent from the original motivations.
Proprium
All aspects of a person's identity considered central to their self-concept.
Nuclear quality
The basic traits that define an individual's personality.
Personal Disposition
Characteristics that are specific to an individual.
Cardinal Disposition
Dominant traits that define a person's entire approach to life.
Central Disposition
Traits that are highly characteristic of a person but not as dominant.
Big Five
A model that outlines five broad dimensions of personality: openness, conscientiousness, extraversion, agreeableness, and neuroticism.
Implicit Personality Theory
Personal beliefs about how traits relate to each other and influence behavior.
Eysenck’s Big Three
Hans Eysenck's model of personality, including psychoticism, extraversion, and neuroticism.
Zero Acquaintance
A situation in which two individuals meet for the first time.
Motives
Internal drives that influence behavior and decision-making.
Need
A basic biological or psychological requirement necessary for survival or well-being.
