NNU A&P II exam 4- respiratory system

Which of the following has the lowest partial pressure of carbon dioxide?

The alveoli of the lungs

Which of the 2 lungs is larger?

The right lung

Mr Smith exhales normally: then, using forced expiration, he exhales as much air as possible. The volume of air still remaining in his lungs is called

residual volume

Oxygen is primarily transported in the blood

bound to hemoglobins

The difference between minute ventilation and alveolar ventilation is that minute ventilation includes
Volume in trachea
Volume in conducting zone
Volume of anatomic dead space
All of these
None of these

All of these

When central chemoreceptors detect an increase in the pH of the cerebrospinal fluid:

medulla and pons trigger a decrease in rate and depth (volume) of breathing

Organize the items listed into the proper sequence of events for gas exchange.
1) O2 is transported to cells by circulatory system.
2) O2 is drawn into the lungs during inhilation.
3) Cells use O2 and generate CO2
4) CO2 is exhaled
5) The circulatory system transports CO2 to the lungs.

2,1,3,5,4

According to Boyle's law, the pressure of a gas _______ if the volume of its container decreases.

increases

Respiratory bronchioles of the lower respiratory system are lined with:

simple cuboidal epithelium

The diameter of bronchioles can change because their walls contain

smooth muscle

Bronchial arteries (as opposed to pulmonary arteries) carry ______ blood to the tissues of the lung.

oxygenated

Contraction of which of these muscles increases thoracic cavity volume?
Diaphragm
External intercostals
Scalenes
All of these
None of these

all of these

The volume of air available for gas exchange per minute is called the _____?

alveolar ventilation

Foreign particles (pennies, chicken, shoestring licorice etc.)

are more likely to lodge in the right primary pulmonary bronchus

Which of these muscles contract to decrease thoracic cavity dimensions during exhalation?

internal intercostals

The lungs remain inflated because:

intrapleural pressure is less than intrapulmonary pressure

What is the function of the ciliated epithelium of the tracheobronchial tree?

a mucus-cilia escalator

Henry's law pertains to which of the following variables/relationships?

concentration of a gas and solubility

The reason air flows into the body during inspiration is that during that time:

atmospheric pressure is greater than intrapulmonary pressure

Arrange the following in order from highest to lowest PO2+
1) PO2 of pulmonary veins
2) PO2 of pulmonary arteries
3) PO2 of alveolar air

3,2,1

Ventilation refers to the:

movement of air into and out of the lungs

Tiny foreign particles (smoke, dust, etc.) that are not filtered out by the respiratory epithelium or transported out by macrophages are:

collected by lymph nodes and stay in lungs

Which of these bones contain(s) a paranasal sinus?
Frontal bone
Sphenoid bone
Maxilla
All of these
None of these

All of these

On the inside of the chest, the _____ pleura lines the internal thoracic walls and the ______ pleura tightly cover the lung.

parietal; visceral

Airflow is _____ related to the pressure gradient and ______ related to resistance.

directly; inversely

The involuntary, rhythmic activities that deliver and remove respiratory gases are regulated in the the:

brainstem

As acidity increases, how does this affect the affinity of hemoglobin for the oxygen it carries?

affinity decreases

What structure prevents food and drink from entering the trachea, conducts air, and produces sound?

Larynx

Whenever people cry, their nose runs. This is because the _____ drain tears into the nose.

nasolacrimal ducts

The ring of cartilage that forms the base of the larynx is the

carina cartilage

An air passage (valley/tunnel) beneath a nasal concha (turbinate) within the nasal cavity is referred to as a:

meatus

Which of the following is/are part of the conducting portion of the respiratory system?
Trachea
Larynx
Bronchi
None of these
All of these are

All of these are

Most (-70%) of the CO2 that diffuses into systemic capillaries:

combines with water to form carbonic acid, which then dissociates to bicarbonate and hydrogen ions

If someone at sea level is given pure oxygen to breathe, it would cause the oxygen saturation of their hemoglobin:

to increase by only a tiny amount

The male voice tends to be in a lower range than a female's voice because men have:

longer and thicker vocal folds

An actively contracting muscle will cause local temperature to rise and will produce acidic molecules. Warmth and lower pH cause the oxygen-hemoglobin saturation curve to shift resulting in hemoglobin releasing ______ oxygen.

more

Which reaction involving CO2 predominates within erythrocytes in the pulmonary capillaries of the lung?

HCO3+ combines with H= to form H2CO3, which dossociates into CO2 and H2O

Which of the following functions is associated with the nose?

warming the air and producing mucus to trap debris from the air

The exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide between the air in the alveoli and blood in the lungs is called:

external respiration

When 2,3-bisphosphoglycerate (BPG) levels increase, hemoglobin

releases more oxygen to tissues

You may have noticed that after a large meal you have had some difficulty breathing. Which explanation is most accurate with regard to this situation?

A full stomach impedes contraction of the diaphragm, limiting inhalation

Into what region of the pharynx do auditory (Eustachian) tubes open?

Nasopharynx

Surfactant facilitates alveolar ventilation by

decreasing the surface tension between water molecules on the lining of the alveoli

The chloride shift refers to the

exchange of chloride ions for bicarbonate ions across the red blood cell membrane

Where would you find the trachealis muscle?

Between the esophagus and the trachea

Which answer places the following events in proper order for pulmonary ventilation?
a) Thoracic cavity volume changes
b) Brainstem nuclei stimulate skeletal muscles to contract
c) Air flows down its pressure gradient
d) Dimensional changes in the thorax lead to pressure changes within the lung

b,a,d,c

Oxygen and carbon dioxide are exchanged across the respiratory membranes by the process of

diffusion

The most abundant/common cell making up the alveolar wall is the:

Type I pneumocyte

Which statement is true regarding secondary bronchi?

The left lung has two secondary bronchi and the right lung has three secondary bronchi

A molecule of air enters the nose through the external nares. Which of the following is the correct pathway to the trachea?

nasal cavity, pharynx, larynx, trachea

The lower respiratory tract begins inferior to which organ (i.e. which of the organs listed is/are below the most inferior organ of the upper respiratory tract)?

trachea

The amount of air that can be forcibly inhaled after a normal inspiration is the:

inspiratory reserve volume

What type of alveolar cells produce surfactant?

Type II pneumocytes

A diver needs to blow air into the middle ear to equalize pressure... how does air get from the nasopharynx to the middle ear?

via the Eustachian tubes

Pressure in a patient's oxygen tank after it is filled is greater due to which of these?

change in the number of moles

A consequence of emphysema is a decrease of gas diffusion primarily because of:

decreased surface area

The conducting zone contains all of the following EXCEPT

the respiratory bronchioles

A measure of how readily the lungs change volume as pressure changes is described as

compliance

The tendency of the lungs to return to their initial size after stretching is

elasticity

The volume of gas inspired or expired in a quiet respiration cycle is the

Tidal volume

Gas X makes up 15% of a gas mix, at 1000 mm Hg, the partial pressure of gas X would be

150 mm Hg

The primary drive or impulse to breath is elicited by which of the following:

increased PCO2

At rest, normal oxygen unloading is ____.

-23%

Mr. Jones has a blood pH of 7.00 and a temperature of 100.5°F. His oxygen-hemoglobin dissociation curve would

shift to the right, causing more O2 to be released to his cells

When carbon dioxide levels in the blood increase, the

blood becomes more acidic

Which answer places the following events in proper order for pulmonary ventilation?
a) thoracid cavity volume changes
b) brainstem nuclei stimulate skeletal muscles to contract
c) air flows down its pressure gradient
d) dimensional changes in teh thorax lead to pressure changes within the lung
A. b,a,d,c
B. d,c,b,a
C. b,d,c,a
D. a,c,d,b
E. c,a,d,b

b,a,d,c

The least abundant/common cell making up the alveolar wall is the:
A. Type II pneumocyte
B. Type II pneunocyte
C. alveolar macrophage
D. dust cell
E. erythrocyte

Type II pneumocyte

Which statement is true regarding tertiary bronchi?
A. each segment has one
B. there are many in each lung
C. they are more plentiful that secondary bronchi
D. all of these

all of these

A molecule of air enters the nose through the external nares. Which of the following is the correct pathway to the trachea?
A. nasal cavity, larynx, pharynx, trachea
B. oral cavity, nasal cavity, larynx, pharynx, trachea
C. nasopharynx, nasal cavity, laryngopharynx, trachea
D. nasal cavity, pharynx, larynx, trachea
E. nasal cavity, trachea, larynx, pharynx

nasal cavity, pharynx, larynx, trachea

The lower respiratory tract begins inferior to which organ (ie. which organ below is the most inferior organ of the upper respiratory tract)?
A. trachea
B. lungs
C. larynx
D. alveoli
E. none of these

larynx

The amount of air that can be forcibly exhaled after a normal exhalation is the:
A. inspiratory reserve volume
B. vital capacity
C. residual volume
D. functional residual capacity
E. none of these

none of these

What type of alveolar cells produce surfactant?
A. ciliated epithelial cells
B. Type I pneumocytes
C. Type II pneumocytes
D. macrophages
E. none of these

Type II pneumocytes

A diver needs to blow air into the middle ear to equalize the pressure... how does air get from the nasopharynx to the middle ear?
A. via the cochlea
B. via the Eustachian tubes
C. via the nasal conchae
D. through all these spaces
E. none of these

via the Eustachian tubes

Pressure in a patient's oxygen tank after it is filled is greater due to which of these?
A. change in temperature
B. change in "R"
C. change in volume
D. change in number of moles
E. none of these

change in number of moles

Which of the following would result in decrease of gas diffusion?
A. scar tissue in alveoli
B. decreased surface area
C. decreased surfactant levels
D. all of these
E. none of these

all of these

The conducting zone contains which of the following?
A. the primary bronchi
B. the larynx
C. the terminal bronchioles
D. all of these
E. none of these

all of these

A measure of how readily the lungs change volume as pressure changes is described as...
A. compliance
B. rigidity
C. surface tension
D. all of these
E. none of these

compliance

The tendency of the lungs to return to their initial size after stretching is
A. compliance
B. elasticity
C. rigidity
D. all of these
E. none of these

elasticity

The volume of gas inspired or expired in a quiet respiration cycle is the
A. tidal volume
B. vital capacity
C. inspiratory reserve volume
D. residual volume

tidal volume

Gas X makes up 45% of a gas mix, at 1000mm Hg the partial pressure of gas X would be
A. 4500 mm Hg
B. 450 mm Hg
C. 900 mm Hg
D. 45 mm Hg
E. 1000 mm Hg

450 mm Hg

The primary drive or impulse to breath is elicited by which of the following:
A. reduced Po2
B. reduced Pco2
C. increased Po2
D. increased Pco2

increased Pco2

At rest, normal oxygen unloading is
A. ~97%
B. ~66%
C. ~23%
D. ~9%

~23%

Mr Jones has a body condtion known as acidosis (low pH), and a temperature of 102*F. His oxygen-hemoglobin dissociation curve would
A. shift to the right, causing more O2 to be released to his cells
B. shift to the left, allowing less O2 to be released to his cells
C. show no change, allowing the O2 concentration to remain stable

shift to the right, causing more O2 to be released to his cells

When carbon dioxide levels in teh blood increase, the
A. amount of H+ increases
B. pH of the blood decreases
C. blood becomes more acidic
D. all of these
E. none of these

amount of H+ increases

Which of the following has the highest partial pressure of carbon dioxide?
A. the alveoli of the lungs
B. the blood circulating in systemic arteries
C. The systemic cells

The systemic cells

Which of the two lungs is smaller?
A. the left lung
B. the right lung

the left lung

Mr Smith exhales normally; then using forced expiration, he exhales as much air as possible. The volume of air still remaining in his lungs is called
A. expiratory reserve volume
B. tidal volume
C. inspiratory reserve volume
D. vital capacity
E. residual volume

residual volume

Carbon dioxide is primarily transported in the blood
A. bound to hemoglobin
B. bound to albumin
C. dissolved in the plasma
D. as part of the bicarbonate ion
E. none of these

as part of the bicarbonate ion

The difference between minute ventilation and alveolar ventilation is that minute ventilation includes...
A. volume of anatomic dead space
B. volume of respiratory zone
C. volume in alveoli
D. all of these
E. none of these

volume in alveoli

When central chemoreceptors detect an increase in the pH of the cerebrospinal fluid:
A. cerebellar respiratory centers trigger an increase in rate and depth (volume) of breathing
B. medulla and pons trigger a decrease in rate and depth (volume) of breathing
C. the cerebrum trigger a decrease in rate and depth (volume) of breathing
D. the occipital lobe causes the diaphragm to increase contraction rate.
E. the corpus callosum sends signals to the lungs

medulla and pons trigger a decrease in rate and depth (volume) of breathing

ORganize the items listed into the proper sequence of events for gas exchange.
1) O2 is transported to cells by circulatory system
2) O2 is drawn into the lungs during inhalation
3) Cells use O2 and generate CO2
4) CO2 is exhaled
5) The circulatory system transports CO2 to the lungs

A. 1,2,3,4,5
B. 5,4,3,2,1
C. 2,1,3,5,4
D. 3,5,4,1,2
E. 2,1,3,4,5

2,1,3,5,4

According to Boyle's law, the pressure of a gas____________ if the volume of its container increases
A. increases
B. decreases
C. remains the same

decreases

Respiratory bronchioles of the lower respiratory system are lined with:
A. keratinized stratified squmous epithelium
B. simple cuboidal epithelium
C. pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium
D. stratified columnar epithelium
E. nonkeratinized stratified squamous

simple cuboidal epithelium

Bronchial arteries (as opposed to pulmonary arteries) carry ________ blood to the tissues of the lung.
A. oxygenated
B. deoxygenated

oxygenated

Contraction of which of these muscles decreases thoracic cavity volume?
A. external intercostals
B. scalenes
C. internal intercostals
D. all of these
E. none of these

internal intercostals

The volume of air available for gas exchnage per minute is called the
A. vital capacity
B. alveolar ventilation
C. anatomical volume
D. functional residual capacity
E. respiratory rate

alveolar ventilation

Larger foreign particles (showstring licorice etc. butnot particulate matter) can be coughed up some time after inspiration because of...
A. dust cells
B. ciliated cells
C. type II pneumocytes
D. type I pneumocytes
E. none of these

ciliated cells

The lungs remain inflated because
A. intrapulmonary pressure is less than intrapleural pressure
B. intrapleural pressure is less than intrapulmonary pressure
C. intrapleural pressure is exactly equal to intrapulmonary pressure
D. intrapleural pressure is exactly equal to atmospheric pressure

intrapleural pressure is less than intrapulmonary pressure

The diameter of bronchioles can change because their walls contain...
A. smooth muscle
B. skeletal muscle
C. fibrous cartilage
D. hyaline cartilage
E. cuboidal cells

smooth muscle

Which of the following is true regarding the nasal septum?
A. is entirely comprised of cartilage
B. forms superior and inferior areas
C. may bulge and block airflow
D. all of these
E. none of these

may bulge and block airflow