KIN 272 CUMULATIVE Lab Practical

This section divides the body into left and right

Sagittal

This section divides the body into anterior and posterior

Frontal/Coronal

This section divides the body into a superior and inferior half

Transverse (Horizontal)

What tissue type is this? What is its function?

Simple squamous epithelium, diffusion or filtration (found in lung alveoli)

What tissue type is this? What is its function?

Stratified squamous epithelium non-keratinized, protection from abrasion (have nuclei and are found in esophagus)

What tissue type is this? What is its function?

Simple cuboidal epithelium, absorption and secretion (found in glands)

What tissue type is this? What is its function?

Simple columnar epithelium, absorption and secretion (found in jejunum/small intestine lining)

What tissue type is this? Where is is located?

Pseudostratified columnar epithelium ciliated, trachea (lining) 

What tissue type is this? What is its function?

Dense irregular connective tissue, strength

What tissue type is this? What is its function?

Hyaline cartilage, provides smooth surface and structure with flexibility (found in articular cartilage of the knee)

What tissue type is this? What is its function?

Blood (fluid connective tissue), transports O2 and nutrients 

What tissue muscle type is this? What is its function?

Skeletal muscle (has multiple nuclei, striated, voluntary and found in bones)

What tissue muscle type is this? What is its function?

Cardiac muscle, (involuntary and striated, has intercalated discs)

What tissue muscle type is this? What is its function?

Smooth muscle, (spindle shaped)

Where are the antigens located?

On erythrocytes (RBCs)

Where are the antibodies located?

In plasma

What term is used to describe the clumping of RBCs due to antibodies binding to the antigens on the surface of RBCs?

Agglutination

If agglutination occurs vs if no agglutination occurs

Antigen is present on RBCs or the antigen is absent

Which blood type is the universal donor?

O-negative (no antigens on erythrocytes)

Which blood type is the universal recipient?

AB+ (no antibodies in their plasma)

Identify this leukocyte

Neutrophil (stain purple/blue and pink)

Identify this leukocyte and state what color it stains

Eosinophil (have a bilobed nucleus), distinctive reddish/orange color

Identify this leukocyte and state what color it stains

Basophil (have a bilobed nucleus), dark purple/blue color

Identify this leukocyte and state what color it stains

Lymphocyte (has a large round nucleus), dark purple/pale blue color

Identify this leukocyte and state what color it stains

Monocyte (has a large kidney-shaped nucleus), deep bluish purple color

What leukocytes are classified as granulocytes?

Neutrophils, eosinophils, and basophils

What leukocytes are classified as agranulocytes?

Lymphocytes and monocytes

What is the general difference between a granulocyte and a agranulocyte?

Presence of granules in the cytoplasm of granulocytes

Which leukocytes are the MOST abundant? What leukocytes are the LEAST abundant?

Neutrophil, basophil

Identify #1

Right atrium

Identify #2

Left atrium

Identify #3

Right ventricle

Identify #4

Left ventricle

Identify #5

Superior Vena Cava

Identify #6

Inferior Vena Cava

Identify #7

Aorta

Identify #8

Pulmonary trunk

Identify #9

Left pulmonary artery

Identify #10

Right pulmonary artery

Identify #11

Right pulmonary veins

Identify #12

Left pulmonary veins

Identify #13

Right coronary artery

Identify #14

Apex

Describe the similarities and differences observed in the tunics of a vein vs artery

In arteries, tunica media is relatively thicker and in veins, tunica externa is relatively thicker

Complete the general pathway of blood through various sizes of blood vessels

Artery, arteriole, capillary, venule, vein

Which lobes of the brain does the posterior cerebral artery and its branches run? Which lobes of the brain does the anterior cerebral artery and it’s branches run?

Occipital and temporal, frontal and parietal

Which common carotid artery branches directly from the arch of the aorta

Left common carotid (also the brachiocephalic trunk and the left subclavian artery)

Along what aspect of the arm does the brachial artery run (the radial artery and vein pass along the lateral aspect corresponding to the RADIUS)

Medial aspect of the arm

The renal artery and vein connect to what major abdominal organ

Kidney

The renal artery branches directly from what major artery

Abdominal aorta

The renal vein leads directly to which major vein of the abdomen

Inferior vena cava

Which vessel layer contains smooth muscle

Tunica media

Which vessel layer helps to anchor the vessel to the surrounding structures

Tunica externa (connective tissue)

What is vasa vasorum and where is it found

Small blood vessels in the tunica externa that provides nourishment to the other tunics

The radial artery and vein pass through what aspect of the forearm? What about the ulnar artery and vein?

Lateral, medial

Use anatomical terminology to describe the location of the adrenal (suprarenal) gland relative to the kidney

Superior to the kidney

What is the most lateral structure of the pancreas (head, body or tail). What lymphatic organ lies immediately adjacent to this part of the pancreas

Tail, the spleen

Name 2 endocrine structures are located in the cranial cavity

Hypothalamus and pituitary gland

Which lymphatic organ slowly atrophies (shrinks) during adolescence?

Thymus gland

What structure of the pancreas transmits digestive enzymes to the duodenum

Pancreatic duct

What is the most medial structure of the pancreas

Head

Describe the location of the lobes of the thyroid gland in relation to the trachea

Anterior and lateral to the trachea in the neck

Which brain structure is the primary control center for the endocrine system

Hypothalamus

Name 2 reproductive organs that have endocrine functions

Testes/ovaries

Name 2 endocrine organs located in the abdominal cavity

Pancreas and adrenal gland

What type of fluid does the spleen monitor for antigens? How is this different than lymph nodes?

Spleen monitors blood and lymph nodes monitor lymph

What tonsils are also known as “adenoids”

Pharyngeal

Which tonsils are visible by looking into the oral cavity

Palatine

What is the largest lymphatic organ and where is it located

Spleen (upper left quadrant)

What is the aggregation of lymph nodes of the ileum called?

Peyer’s patch

Where are axillary lymph nodes located

Armpit

Where are mediastinal lymph nodes located

In the mediastinal cavity (around heart)

What is the general function of lymph nodes

To filter lymph and monitor for pathogens

What are the 3 main arterial branches from the aortic arch?

Brachiocephalic trunk, left common carotid artery, left subclavian artery

When you cut a heart and get an anterior and posterior surface, what type of section is this?

Frontal

Which jugular vein drains the brain?

Internal jugular vein

What are the two types of digestion that occur in the digestive system?

Mechanical and chemical

What is the function of the epiglottis?

Prevents food and liquid from entering the trachea and lungs

What substance enters the small intestine from the liver and gall bladder?

Bile (produced in liver and stored in gallbladder)

What substances enter the small intestine from the pancreas?

Pancreatic juice (contains digestive enzymes)

What is the function of the brush border in a simple columnar epithelial cell?

Increases cell surface area and facilitates transport and absorption across the membrane

 How does a villus compare to the brush border?

Villus are finger like projections of mucosa that increases surface area for absorption whereas the brush border consists of tightly packed microvilli on the lumen surface to support absorption and fluid transport

Which lung (right or left) contains 3 lobes?

Right (upper, middle, and lower lobes)

Is the cardiac notch region on the right or left lung?

Left lung

What is another name for main bronchus

Primary bronchus

What is another name for lobar bronchus

Secondary bronchus

What is another name for segmental bronchus

Tertiary bronchus

Where is alveolar (alveolus) tissue located within the respiratory tract?

The terminal bronchioles

Where is pseudo-stratified columnar epithelium (ciliated) located within the respiratory tract?

Most of the respiratory tract (Nasal cavity down to the bronchioles)

What is the role of goblet cells in the trachea? 

Secrete mucus to form a protective coat along respiratory tract

What is the function of cilia in the upper respiratory tract? 

Helps move mucus along the respiratory tract and act as a local defense mechanism to prevent foreign material

What type of immune cell migrates around the walls of the alveoli of the lungs?

Alveolar macrophages (defense against inhaled pathogens)

Define pulmonary ventilation:

The movement of respiratory gases between the atmosphere and alveoli of the lungs

During INSPIRATION, the vertical dimension of the thoracic cavity _____, The muscle responsible for this change is the ____

Increases, diaphragm

During INSPIRATION, the thoracic cavity ____ due to ____ of the ribs, The muscle(s) responsible for this change are the _____

Widens, elevation, external intercostals

The changes observed in the size of the thoracic cavity during INSPIRATION function to _____ the volume, which will ____ intrapulmonary pressure.

Increase, decrease

During EXPIRATION, the vertical dimension of the thoracic cavity _____, This is caused by ____ of the _____

Decreases, relaxation, diaphragm

During EXPIRATION, the thoracic cavity ______, due to ______ of the ribs, This is caused by _____ of the _____

Narrows, depression, relaxation, internal intercostals

The changes observed in the size of the thoracic cavity during EXPIRATION function to ______ the volume, which will ______ intrapulmonary pressure.

Decrease, increase

 The renal artery branches from which abdominal blood vessel?

The abdominal aorta