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pun
a play on words created by using one word to suggest two different meanings, both of which seem appropriate in the context of the sentence, even though the meanings they suggest may be different or opposite.
analogy
a comparison between two things in order to explain or clarify a bigger idea
personification example
"Lightning danced across the sky."
metonymy example
"The White House issued a statement today."
synecdoche
a figure of speech in which a part is made to represent the whole, or the other way around
litotes
ironical understatement in which an affirmative is expresses by the negative of its contrary
rhetoric of antithesis
a rhetorical device in which two opposite ideas are put together in a sentence to achieve a contrasting effect
anadiplosis
repetition of the last word of one clause at the beginning of the following clause
refrain example
"The answer, my friend, is blowin' in the wind, The answer is blowin' in the wind."
abtract
words that signify concepts, qualities, or ideas
straw man
a logical fallacy that involves the creation of an easily refutable position; misrepresenting, then attacking an opponent's position.
pun example
"I know it's cheesy, but I feel grate."
figurative language
language that uses words or expressions with a meaning different from the literal interpretatino to achieve a deeper meaning
double entendre
a phrase or figure of speech that might have multiple meanings or that could be understoof in two different ways
onomatopoeia
a type of word that imitates or suggests the sound that it describes
onomatopoeia example
"buzz"
simile
a figure of speech that directly compares two things, generally using words like "like" or "as"
simile example
"He is as hungry as a horse"
metaphor
a form of figurative language that compares things without using their literal definitions
metaphor example
"The snow is a white blanket."
analogy example
"Just as a sword is the weapon of a warrior, a pen is the weapon of a writer."
conceit
an extended metaphor with a complex logic that governs a poem
conceit example
John Donne's "The Flea" (The flea is you and I, and this/ Our marriage-bed and marriage-temple is.")
personification
the attribution of human characteristics to something nonhuman
zeugma
a figure of speech in which a word applies to multiple parts of the sentance
zeugma example
"He lost his coat and his temper."
allegory
a narrative in which characters and events represent abstract ideas or moral qualities
allegory example
Animal Farm by George Orwell
fable
a short story, typically with animals as characters, conveying a moral
metonymy
a figure of speech in which a thing is referred to by the name of something closely associated with that thing
synecdoche example
"He got a new set of wheels."
apposition
a relationship between two or more words or phrases in which the two units are grammatically parallel and have the referent
apposition example
"John, my brother, is coming home."
epithet
an adjective following the person or thing mentioned expressing a characteristic
epithet example
"Alexander the Great"
hyperbole
a phrase that is overexaggerated and not meant to be taken literally
hyperbole example
"I'm so hungry I could eat a horse."
understatement
the presentation of something as being smaller, worse, or less important than it actually is
understatement example
"I have to have this operation. It isn't very serious. I have this tiny little tumor on the brain."
litotes example
"You won't be sorry."
euphemism
a mild or indirect word or expression substituted for one considered to be too harsh or blunt when referring to something unpleasant or embarrassing.
euphemism example
"Passed away"
paradox
a statement that seems contradictory but is actually true
paradox example
"Less is more"
oxymoron
a figure of speech in which apparently contradictory terms appear in conjunction
oxymoron example
"jumbo shrimp"
allusion
an expression designed to call something to mind without mentioning it explicitly; an indirect or passing reference.
allusion example
"Don't act like a Romeo in front of her."
parallel structure
the repetition of words or phrases that have similar grammatical structures
parallel structure example
"She loved singing, dancing, and acting."
rhetoric of ellipsis
the omission of one or more words
rhetoric of ellipsis example
"I went to the park, and she went too."
rhetoric of antithesis example
"It was the best of times, it was the worst of times."
asyndeton
omission of conjunctions between coordinate phrases, clauses, or words
asyndeton example
"I came, I saw, I conquered"
polysyndeton
the deliberate use of a series of conjunctions
polysyndeton example
"We lived and laughed and loved and left."
anaphora
the repetition of a word or phrase at the beginning of successive clauses
anaphora example
"Every day, every night, in every way, I am getting better and better"
anadiplosis example
"Fear leads to anger. Anger leads to hate. Hate leads to suffering."
isocolon
use of parallel structures of the same length in successive clauses
isocolon example
"I'm a Pepper, he's a Pepper, she's a Pepper, we're a Pepper. Wouldn't you like to be a Pepper, too? Dr. Pepper."
chiasmus
a reversal in the order of words in two otherwise parallel phrases
chiasmus example
"Ask not what your country can do for you; ask what you can do for your country."
exclamation
a sharp cry of strong feeling
exclamation example
"As for me, give me liberty or give me death!"
parenthesis
the insertion of words, phrases, or a sentence
parenthesis example
"He said it was going to rain (I could hardly disagree) before the game was over."
apostrophe
address to an absent or imaginary person
apostrophe example
"Twinkle, twinkle, little star,
How I wonder what you are.
Up above the world so high,
Like a diamond in the sky."
style
the choices a writer makes; the combination of distinctive features of a literary work
diction
a writer's or speaker's choice of words
syntax
the arrangement of words and phrases to create well-formed sentences in a language
syntax example
"The boy jumped happily.
The boy happily jumped.
Happily, the boy jumped."
structure
the arrangement or framework of a sentence, paragraph, or entire work
narrative structure
a textual organization based on sequences of connected events, usually presented in a straightforward, chronological framework
detail
facts revealed by the author or speaker that support the attitude or tone in the work
theme
the subject of a talk, a piece of writing, a person's thoughts, or an exhibition; a topic.
tone
attitude a writer takes toward the audience, a subject, or a character
mood
feeling or atmosphere that a writer creates for the reader
humor
anything that causes laughter or amusement
verbal irony
saying the opposite of what you mean
situational irony
an outcome that turns out to be very different from what was expected
dramatic irony
when a reader is aware of something that a character isn't
sarcasm
the use of irony to mock or convey contempt
formal language
language that is lofty, dignified, or impersonal
informal language
the language of everyday speech, may use contractions and slang
colloquial language
informal, conversational language
connotative
the implied or associated meaning of a word
denotative
the literal meaning of a word
concrete
words that signify things that can be percieved by the senses
imagery
visually descriptive or figurative language, especially in a literary work.
external conflict
a problem or struggle between a character and someone or something outside of the character
internal conflict
a conflict can be internal, involving opposing forces within a person's mind.
exposition
a comprehensive description and explanation of an idea or theory.
rising action
the series of conflicts or struggles that build a story toward a climax.
climax
the turning point of the story
resolution
end of the story where loose ends are tied up
suspense
a state or feeling of excited or anxious uncertainty about what may happen.
alliteration
the occurrence of the same letter or sound at the beginning of adjacent or closely connected words.